1. This presentation has been prepared to show to students prior to searching for data to complete this lesson plan.

2. Teacher Onboard!! Teacher Onboard!! Teacher Onboard!! Mrs Jerrie Reining Tucker Middle School Tucker, Georgia

3. Teacher at Sea A collaborative effort between Mrs. Jerrie Reining, Earth science teacher Tucker Middle School Dekalb County School System Decatur, Georgia Dr. Peter Lonsdale, Chief Scientisit on the R/V Roger Revelle Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego Dr. Chris Massell Symons, Project coordinator Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego

4. The ship “transit” will be aboard the R/V Roger Revelle (R/V=research vessel)

5. The R/V Roger Revelle, built in 1996, is operated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California in San Diego. It is 274 feet long and can travel at 15 knots. It holds 22 crewmembers and 36 scientists.

6. Hawaii San Diego Mrs. Reining’s travel route will take place in the Pacific Ocean.

7. Starting point: Honolulu, Hawaii October 10 8am HTZ Hawaii is in the Hawaiian Time Zone and does not observe Daylight Saving Time. There is a 6 hour time difference.

8. Destination: San Diego, California - October 22 San Diego San Diego, California is in the Pacific Time Zone. There is a 3 hour time difference. Atlanta CTZ PTZ MTZ ETZ

9. This is a map of the Eastern Pacific ocean between Hawaii and the southwestern U.S. with latitude and longitude marked on its edges. The coordinates of Hawaii (20°N, 155°W) and San Diego (32°N, 117°W) are labeled. A red line connects these two points. The distance between Hawaii and Los Angeles (the red line on the map above) can be calculated from their latitudes and longitudes. (32 o N, 117 o W) (20 o N, 155 o W) Hint: You need to subtract. 12°N, 38°W

10. Hawaii San Diego Atlanta Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Hawaii to San Diego is ~4000km.

11. One purpose of this trip is to find out what the ocean floor looks like. A map can be made as distance and depth data is generated from instruments onboard ship. Your role in the classroom is to take this data and create a profile of the ocean floor as we sail from Hawaii to San Diego. Points to remember: distance and depth can be shown in different units. Your teacher will determine the units you are going to use. Distance: miles, nautical miles, km, and longitude Depth: meters, fathoms, feet

12. A technique called “multibeam echo sounder” is used. First, we have to look at how the ocean floor is mapped.

13. In this process, the Revelle scans the ocean floor with sound waves that are similar to SONAR. It creates a “track”. The width of the beam as it touches the ocean floor is 2.5 times the depth of the ocean.

14. Just in case you were wondering……… sound travels in water at a rate of 1,500 m/sec. If a ship gets a SONAR reading of 10 sec., how deep is the ocean??? 7,500m

15. This is an example of multibeam sea floor mapping of the South Pacific placed over a map of the United States. Confusing?

16. Let’s compare an interstate highway map.

17. This is an example of a multibeam map with multiple tracks.

18. Multibeam coverage is very sparse due to the fact that it is expensive and time consuming. It would take 125-ship years to map the deep oceans. Therefore, only certain areas that scientists feel will provide the best information in describing the oceans floor are mapped.

19. The numerical data from tracks are converted to a color scale to make depth readings easier to see. This is an example of a track: it’s depth can be determined by color and location determined by latitude/longitude. The Pukapuka ridges in the Central Pacific Ocean

20. Another track showing the bathymetry of Wahoo Guyot

21. This is a track showing color coded bathymetry offshore San Diego

22. Next, a bathymetric map can be made. These maps represent depth measurement, particularly that of the ocean. Pay attention to the color key. Hawaii San Diego

23. Do you recognize the area this bathymetric map is depicting? Yes, the east coast of the United States

24. Now try and figure out the location and depth of this body of water.

25. This is a bathymetric map that dates the oceans of the world. Can you identify the continents? Can you find the oldest areas of ocean floor on this map?

26. Can you locate the area this map is showing along with ocean depth?

27. Why map the sea floor? Compare and contrast your Pacific Ocean map that you have made with your Atlantic Ocean map. This is one way of helping us to better understand the theory of plate tectonics.

28. nautical mile (nmi, naut mi or NM) A unit of distance used primarily at sea and in aviation. The nautical mile is defined to be the average distance on the Earth's surface represented by one minute of latitude. The nautical mile, 1852 meter or 6076.115 49 feet, is a distance known as the international nautical mile. The international nautical mile equals about 1.1508 statue miles. mile (mi) A traditional unit of distance. The word comes from the Latin word for 1000, mille, because originally a mile was the distance a Roman legion could march in 1000 paces. A statute mile is exactly 1609.344 meter. knot (kn) A unit of velocity equal to one nautical mile per hour. Knots are customarily used to express speeds at sea, including the speed of the ship as well as the speeds of the wind and of the current. One knot equals about 1.1508 miles per hour, exactly 1.852 kilometer per hour. fathom A unit used to express depths of water equal to six feet. Originally intended to be the distance between a man's fingertips with his arms outstretched. transit n. A journey usually by ship; v. to make a passage or journey from one place to another VOCABULARY

29. CONVERSIONS Fathom x 1.8 = meters Meters x 0.55 = fathom Miles x 1.6 = km Km x 0.6 = miles Km x 1000 = meters Km x 0.54 = nautical miles statute mile = 1609.344 meter Conversion helper http://www.gordonengland.co.uk/conversion/sidef.htm#nautical%20mile

30. http://www.bigelow.org/virtual/bath_sub1.html http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/usgsmaps/usgsmaps.html http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html http://www.itis-molinari.mi.it/Intro-Altimetry.html http:// www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Contdrift.shtml Resource links http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/pacmaps/data.html A special thanks to Dr. David T. Sandwell for pictures and data

31. Acknowledgement of support for this project goes to: National Science Foundation National Science Digital Library program DeKalb County School System San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California San Diego