1. BELLRINGER What were Luther’s main objections to the Catholic Church?

3. LATE MEDIEVAL DEMANDS FOR REFORM (1300-1517) Conflicting roles of the Church Spiritual Secular/Temporal Decline of papal authority Babylonian Captivity The Great Schism Conciliarism

4. STRUGGLE OVER FORMS OF PIETY Abuses of Late Medieval Piety Indulgences Simony Pluralism Absenteeism Clerical Ignorance Mysticism

5. Heresies John Wycliffe (1330-1384) Jan Hus (1372-1415) Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)

6. MARTIN LUTHER Monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg Troubled by the problem of sin and salvation Paul’s letter to the Roman Salvation by faith alone vs. good works Issue of indulgences Johann Tetzel 95 Theses (1517)

7. MARTIN LUTHER Basic Tenets of Lutheranism: Salvation by faith alone Bible is the ultimate authority Baptism and Communion are the only valid sacraments The clergy is not superior to the laity “priesthood of all believers” The church should be subordinate to the state Excommunication (1520) Peasant’s War Diet of Worms (1521) Holy Roman Emperor vs. Frederick III of Saxony Schmalkaldic League (1531) Peace of Augsburg (1555) Cuius region, cuius religio: “Whose region, his religion”

8. RADICAL REFORMATIONS Switzerland: Huldreich Zwingli Zurich John Calvin Geneva Institutes of the Christian Religion Basic Tenets of Calvinism: Predestination ‘The elect’ Church government

9. RADICAL REFORMATIONS France Huguenots Scotland Presbyterians John Knox Germany Anabaptists

10. ENGLAND Henry VIII (1509-1547) Catherine of Aragon Act of Supremacy (1529) Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury Sir Thomas More Results: Statute of the Six Articles (1539) Mary I (Tudor) Reinstituted Catholicism Elizabeth I Puritans (English Calvinists)

11. CATHOLIC REFORMATION Pope Paul III Pope Paul IV Ignatius Loyola Society of Jesus (1534) They served as advisors to Catholic kings They suppressed heresy through the Inquisition They established schools in Catholic nations to indoctrinate the young They sent missionaries to far corners of the earth to convert “the heathen” Inquisition (1542) Index of Prohibited Books (1542) The Council of Trent (1545-1563) Salvation is by both good works and faith Seven sacraments are valid Sources of religious authority (Bible, church teachings)

12. RESULTS Northern Europe adopted Protestantism The unity of Western Christianity was shattered Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century The Protestant spirit of individualism encouraged democracy, science, and capitalism Protestantism, specifically Lutheranism, justified nationalism by making the church Subordinate to the state in all but theological matters