1. Environmental Science Final Exam Review By Mrs. Shaw

2. Opening Assignment Get your study guide out so we can review Units 5 & 6 before our review game.

3. Unit 5 – Human Population Dynamics review

4. Industry The Industrial Revolution which has happened over the past 300 years, encouraged population growth in 3 ways; improved food production and distribution reduced the length of the work day provided people with a safer work environment. (1)

5. 3 Ways Populations Decline Death rate increases Birth rate decreases Emmigration increases (2) Zero growth rate is when birth rate = death rate. (9)

6. Growth and Changing Needs Growth rate = Birth rate – death rate (3) Doubling time is the time it takes a population to double in size. As the human population increases, the doubling time decreases because there are more people available to reproduce. (10)

7. Measuring Growth Rate Emmigration (people moving out of an area) and Immigration (people moving into an area) both need to be factored in to measure growth rate for a specific area. (4)

8. Health Care The germ theory is the theory (evidence based) that disease identified bacteria and other microorganisms were the agents responsible for many diseases. (5) It’s development has led to improved hygiene, sterile surgical practices, better methods of waste disposal and water treatment. (6)

9. Underdeveloped Countries Underdeveloped countries have higher growth rates and shorter life spans because they have fewer resources to educate people about birth control. They also have less money for adequate health care. (7)

10. Agriculture The agricultural revolution was a shift from harvesting wild food sources to producing food through techniques of farming and herding is known as the agriculture revolution. (8) Farming and the establishment of a social structure helped increase the Earth’s human population. Farming provided an increase in a steady food supply which led to increase in populations. Social structure caused a rise in the standard of living which also help with population growth.

11. Demography Demography is the science and study of the changing vital statistics in a human population. (11) Why do you think the U.S. has a slower growth rate than Mexico? Mexico is a poorer country and therefore has less money for medical care and education on health and reproduction. That has also led to the shorter life span in Mexico. (7)

12. History of the Human Population In 1798. British economist Thomas Malthus argued that population growth was not always desirable. Malthus believed that if the human population outgrew its resources it would lead to such conditions as famine, war, and other human suffering. (12) To try to solve this problem he proposed that people should marry later in life and have smaller families.

13. The Effects of Overpopulation Diseases spread faster, less resources are available, carbon emissions are greater in more populated areas so there is an increase in pollution, diseases related to malnutrition, poor hygiene, and lack of medical care are increased. (13)

14. Unit 6: Energy

15. Non-renewable which means they are available only in limited supply. Examples are all fossil fuels Types of energy, such as wind, solar, and hydropower, are renewable because their supplies are refreshed faster than humans consume them. Renewable vs. Non-renewable Resources

16. What are OUR energy stats?

17. A fossil fuel is one created from the remains of organisms that lived long ago. It is formed when sediment covers decay and over millions of years heat and pressure convert it into fuel. There are three types of fossil fuels - Coal (solid), petroleum (liquid), and Natural Gas Fossil Fuels

18. Passive vs. Active Solar Energy When the sunlight is used directly to light or heat, greenhouses, something it is called passive solar energy. Passive solar energy does NOT create electricity!! ! Active solar energy is when solar cells or devices are used to collect and store solar energy for use later Active solar energy creates electricity!

19. Nearly 20% of the world’s electricity is generated by flowing water. When water from a dam is released the pressure of the flow is transferred to a turbine causing it to turn. The motion of the spinning turbine is transferred by coils within the generator. The coils spin through a magnetic field that excites electrons and releases electricity. Energy from Flowing Streams

20. Energy in tides can be converted into electric energy. There are a few tidal plants currently but the risks to the benthic ecosystems where the turbines are placed is so far to high. Energy from Tides

21. How Wind Turbines Work 1.Wind causes the turbine to spin. 2.This spinning turbine causes the magnets inside to rotate exciting the electrons. 3. The electrons are released = electricity

22. Nuclear fusion occurs when two nuclei fuse together to become one larger nucleus and in the process energy is released. This is the same type of energy used to power the sun. Nuclear Fusion

23. http://www.diffen.com/difference/Nuclear_Fission_vs_Nucle ar_Fusion http://www.diffen.com/difference/Nuclear_Fission_vs_Nucle ar_Fusion Nuclear Fission vs. Nuclear Fusion Most Nuclear reactors use nuclear fission to power the generator but there is a lot of radioactive waste involved in this process. Nuclear fusion uses MUCH less radioactive waste and it generates MUCH more energy. Current research and development technologies are focused on creating nuclear fusion plants. The difference between the two types of nuclear power:

24. Disadvantages of Wind and Solar Energy It is NOT CONSTANT

25. Review Game for Units 5 & 6 - Trashketball Divide the class into 2 groups. Each student puts their name into one of the bins. We will take turns on answering questions between the two teams. I will choose the student from the bin and then they will be asked a question. If the student gets the question correct then their team gets 1 point. They then get to shoot the trashketball either from location X for a 3 point throw or location Y for a 1 point throw.

26. Trashketball Question #1 What are the three types of fossil fuels?

27. Question #2 Give one example of a renewable and a nonrenewable energy resource.

28. Question #3 List 2 effects of the germ theory on medical practices.

29. Question #4 Name 2 things that Malthus believed would happen if a population outgrew it’s resources.

30. Question #5 What are 3 ways that populations decline in a specific area?

31. Question #6 List 3 negative effects of overpopulation

32. Question #7 What 3 factors from the industrial revolution helped encourage population growth?

33. Question #8 How does a wind turbine work?

34. Question #9 List 2 ways that water is used to generate electricity

35. Question #10 Why is nuclear fusion better than nuclear fission?

36. Tie Breaker Place your wager for the final question. You may discuss it with your team

37. Final Question Differentiate between passive and active solar energy.

38. Unit 7: Biotechnology

39. What is Biotechnology? According to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, biotechnology is defined as Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

40. DNA, Genes, & Chromosomes How are these terms related? Genes are sections of DNA that contain the code for a particular trait or more specifically proteins. Chromosomes are coils of DNA wrapped around proteins, located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

41. Where is DNA located? Prokaryotes In Prokaryotes the DNA is loosely coiled in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotes In Eukaryotes the DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell in the chromosomes.

42. DNA to RNA to Protein Remember that DNA is a set of instructions to create proteins. By itself, DNA does not do anything except provide the instructions. The instructions are copied during a process called transcription and carried out of the nucleus by a molecule called Messenger RNA (mRNA).

43. mRNA takes the copy to the Cytoplasm and binds to the Ribosomes where the instructions will be read in a process called translation and then proteins will be made through a process called protein synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein

44. Natural vs. Artificial Selection Natural selection is the evolution of a species traits based on changes in environmental conditions. Survival of the fittest. Artificial Selection is when humans decide which traits to try to breed for.

45. What is DNA Recombination? Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together. A plasmid is an independent, circular, self-replicating DNA molecule that carries only a few genes.

46. Steps of DNA Recombination Put the following in order from 1st to 5th in DNA Recombination steps _____________ _Restriction enzyme is applied and DNA circular pattern is cut. ______________ Modified plasmid is reinserted into new bacterial cell ______________ Modified new bacterial cell reproduces asexually to create many more clones of parent cell.. ______________ Plasmid is extracted from original bacterial cell. ______________ Donor gene is inserted and DNA Ligase rebinds new segment of donor DNA into plasmid.

47. Benefits and Risks of GMO’s (what problems does it help solve) Biotechnology (GMO’s) helps produce nutritionally better, larger, and pest resistant crops. GMO’s increase the risk of loss of biodiversity, allergens, and cancers.

48. Get into groups of 2-3 and grab a whiteboard and a dry erase marker. Put your study guide away Review Game for Unit 7

49. Question #1 What is biotechnology?

50. Question #2 What is a gene?

51. Question #3 List one application of biotechnology in each of the 3 areas we discussed: Industrial, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural.

52. Question #4 What is the main difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

53. Question #5 The process where mRNA copies the instructions from DNA to bring to the ribosome.

54. Question #6 A type of genetic engineering where humans breed animals for specific desirable traits.

55. Question #7 What are 2 problems that biotechnology or genetic engineering can solve?

56. Question #8 What are 2 problems that can be a consequence of biotechnology or genetic engineering?

57. Question #9 In the movie Gattaca, why did Vincent want or need to change his identity to become Jerome?

58. Question #10 What were 2 things that Vincent did to change his identity?

59. Tie Breaker Place your wager

60. Tie Breaker Question The Universal Genetic Code states that all living organisms are related because they all code for the same proteins in the same way. How many proteins (amino acids) are there on the Universal Protein Codon chart?