1. AP Chemistry The Universe Explained in 6 Big Ideas

3. 1.Atoms: Chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms (p + /e – attractions, Z eff, shielding, size, ionization energy). Atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions.

4. 2.Bonds: Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules and the forces between them (phases, gas laws, bp, mp, vapor pressure, solubility, etc. all explained by KMT, Bonds, & IMAFs).

5. 3.Reactions: Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons (stoichiometry, reaction types, redox).

6. 4.Rates: Rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions (E act, temp, conc, area, catalyst, rate laws, orders, mechanisms, RDS).

7. 5.Thermodynamics: The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter (calorimetry, bond energies, ∆H, ∆S, ∆G, favorability).

8. 6.Equilibrium: Forming and breaking of bonds and intermolecular attractions are in dynamic competition, sensitive to initial conditions (Q, K, RICE tables) and external perturbations (LeChatelier shifts).