3. All other DNA profiling steps occur.. PCR, Restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis or interpretation by current and charge and mass But there are new procedures….

4. RFLP older procedure longer to process requires large sample

5. DNA polymorphism is found in non-encoded junk DNA… highly variable in length and base sequence

6. Some bases are constantly repeated along lengths of the DNA strand a variable number of times… called VNTR variable number tandem repeats

7. Short tandem repeats: STRs shorter than VNTRs and repeat frequently More known STRs than VNTRs; more data, more validity, less error Even less sample amounts and degraded amounts are useful and quick! Introduced in 1994

8. NOW: PCR and STR is standard and Daubert accepted RFLP: 1/1 billion likelihood of same DNA STR: 1/1 trillion Reliable, fast, works well with very little sample and /or degraded and more precision than RFLP