1. Clauses and Phrases Quick recap from Day 1

2. Clauses and phrases Clauses and phrases are groups of words Clauses have a subject and verb

3. Clauses Independent clauses can stand on their own. When they do, they are called a simple sentence. Dependent clauses cannot stand on their own. If tried, they make a sentence fragment.

4. Combining Independent Clauses When two independent clauses are combined, they make a compound sentence This occurs in two ways With a semicolon With and comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

5. Combining Independent and Dependent Clauses An independent and dependent clause combine to make a complex sentence Whether you need a comma depends on which clause comes first Independent first, no comma Dependent first, comma needed However, in a long complicated sentence, if placing a comma after the independent clause makes the sentence clearer, add the comma

6. Phrases We talked about 4 types of phrases Prepositional phrase Appositive phrase Participial phrase Dangling modifer

7. Prepositional phrase Preposition + object of the preposition (noun or pronoun) May have modifiers between preposition and object Prepositions describe relationships (spatial, temporal, logical) Comma is needed if – long introductory phrase or separating a list of prepositions Prepositions starting with of are either describing a part of a whole or what something is made of

8. Appositive phrases Renames a noun Needs to be set off by commas, parenthesis, or dashes Has an article (a, an, the) Without the article, it is a title which is not punctuated

9. Participial phrase Looks like a verb but is a modifying phrase instead of an action taken Ends in –ing for present participial and –ed or –en for past participial Usually set off by commas, especially if an introductory phrase

10. Dangling modifier Occurs when the object the modifier is describing is not in the sentence To fix a dangling modifier you must add the necessary word to the sentence