2. Definitions from Book: Beginning in Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life page 27 1.Atom 2.Element 3.Compound 4.Molecule 5.Covalent Bond 6.Hydrogen Bond 7.Ionic Bond 8.Ion 9. Cohesion 10. Adhesion 11. Solution 12. Polarity 13. Acid 14. Base 15. Carbohydrate 16. Monosaccharide 17. Lipid 18. Phospholipid 19. Steroid 20. Protein 21.Amino Acid 22.Nucleic Acid 23.Nucleotide 24.DNA 25.RNA Work on this after the test. It is Due On Friday:

3. The Chemistry of Life!!! What are you made of? Atom: - smallest unit of matter; unable to be cut into smaller units and still remain the same. But what do you get when you cut an atom in half? Proton: + - positively charged + + + + + Neutron: - neutral charge (no charge) Electron: - - negative charge - - - - - -

4. What is an element? No, Not this Element: - a group of atoms with the same structure and properties. What happens when an atom has more neutrons than it is supposed to?

5. Isotopes Happen! Isotopes: - an isotope is an atom with more, or less neutrons than other atoms of its element. Carbon 12 “Normal” Carbon 12 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons Carbon 14 Radioactive Carbon 14 6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons

6. What happens when you put two elements together? Compounds are formed. Compound: - two or more elements that are combined in specific proportions. Ex - NaCl a.k.a………. Salt

7. What holds the Compounds together? Bonds,………………………… Chemical Bonds Def: - forces that hold individual atoms and compounds together Types: Ionic Bond: The theft of an electron (Strong Bond) Happens when atoms are strongly charged + and - Example:Table Salt

8. Covalent Bond: Sharing an electron (Strong Bond) Happens when atoms are not strong enough to steal electrons. Example: H2OH2O

9. Hydrogen Bonds weak attraction between atoms because of their magnetic attraction (Weak Bond) Water molecules have the hydrogen atoms (blue) only on one side which gives them a positive charge at that end. + At the other end the oxygen (red) has a negative charge - When another water molecule is near, they are attracted + to – (positive to negative) + + - -

10. W ater, W ater, E verywhere…………. Water: – the universal solvent Polar (polarity) : having a definite positive and negative region on/in a molecule. + - That means that a water molecule is like a little magnet! Anything that is magnet (polar) will stick to water!!

11. Water sticks to other things Adhesion: -the ability of water to stick to other polar molecules. This is how plants get water to the top of the trees, and how paper towels pick up spills.

12. Cohesion: - the ability of water molecules to stick to other water molecules. We must break through these bonds to enter water. Surface tension – cohesion at the surface of water

13. When you put sugar in your tea, what happens? The sugar dissolves The water molecules surround the glucose molecules and pull them away from other ones. Solution: - combination of components are evenly distributed in a substance (usually liquid like water) Solvent: the substance that dissolves something - Tea Solute : the “stuff” that is dissolved in the solvent – The Sugar

14. If you put sand in water and mix it, what happens? The sand sinks to the bottom. Suspension: - components of a mixture that will not dissolve in the liquid, thus settle. Ex. glass

15. Chemistry Quiz 1.Water sticking to other things is called? 2.If I put sugar in water and stir it until it dissolves (making a solution), what is the name for the part that is the water? 3.Which bond is the “theft of an electron”? 4.Atoms with the same structure and properties is called? 5.Water molecules have a definite positive (+) and negative (-) end. What is having + and – regions? 6. “Sharing electrons” is what type of bond? Identify the following on the atom to the right: 7. Particle with a negative charge 8. Particle with a positive charge 9. Particle with no charge

16. Diffusion: Things moving from high concentration to low concentration. Things will diffuse until they reach Equilibrium

17. Osmosis Water moving from an area of high concentration to a low concentration to equalize the concentration of something else. Example: A substance (solute) is placed in a beaker that is divided by a semi- permeable membrane. When a molecule can’t move across a membrane to equalize concentration, Water will! Water will move to equalize the concentration.

18. ISOTONIC Iso - Equal Tonic - Solutions The concentration of molecules is equal on both sides of the membrane. Water enters and leaves the cell equally Example – a fresh-water fish in a fresh-water stream.

19. HYPERTONIC Hyper – More than Tonic - Solution There is a higher concentration outside the membrane. Water leaves the cell to equalize pressure. Example – a fresh-water fish swimming out to salt-water

20. HYPOTONIC Hypo – Less than Tonic - solution There is a lower concentration of molecules outside the membrane. Water enters the cell to equalize the concentration. Example – a salt-water fish moving up a river.

21. Why does orange juice sting your mouth sometimes? Why does Coca-Cola fizz? Acid is in there! Acid and Base is a part of everything around you. It is measured on a scale called a pH scale Acid 0 Base 14 Neutral 7 Stomach acid 1.5 Orange juice 3 Water 7.0 Soap 10.0 Bleach 13 Acid – any substance that gives H + ions TO a solution Base – any substance that accepts H + ions FROM solution

22. A single unit is a MONOMER Having multiple units is a POLYMER First Carbohydrates What is a Carb?

23. Chemical Structure of a Carbohydrate: C O H H Carbohydrates are ALWAYS found in the Ratio of : 1 Carbon to 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen 1:2:1 Glucose (simplest carb): C 6 H 12 O 6 Usually found in a ring

24. Where do we see Glucose in our daily lives? Honey is Glucose with minor things added by the bees. If you put two glucose together, you can get several different things SucroseLactoseFructose

25. If you stick several Glucose Molecules together we get……… Complex carbs! a.k.a. polysaccharides Def: long term storage of glucose used for different things: Starch: Used by plants to store excess glucose Cellulose: Used by plants as a building material Glycogen: Used by animals to store excess glucose

26. What can you eat that has more energy than Carbs? Second Molecule: Lipids (fats) can store enough energy that they can even hold a flame! Plants store fat as liquids. Animals store fat as solids

27. Lipid Composition: A Glycerin Molecule This acts as a connector for: Three Fatty acids The fatty acids contain several carbon groups that store energy in their bonds.

28. Uses for Lipids: 1. Energy Storage We use fatty acids for energy when we work out and carbs. have been used up 2. Structure of cells Every cell has a cell membrane that is made of Phospholipids. 3. Messengers Steroids are lipids that carry messages through the blood stream

29. Third Molecule: Nucleic Acids: The cells Blueprint DNA & RNA The building block” that makes nucleic acids are NUCLEOTIDES D eoxyribo N ucleic A cid & R ibo N ucleic A cid Phosphate group Ribose Sugar Nitrogen Base

30. DNA: Contains all the genetic material that is needed by the cell. It is found in a “Double Helix”, two twists in a clockwise spiral. RNA: A single strand of Nucleotides that carries genetic material out of the nucleus to be processed.

31. If I am trying to get strong, what do I eat? a.k.a. Proteins Forth Molecule: Proteins are used as structural components in all cells! Amino acids: - 20 different molecules that combine to make all proteins These are just two

32. Protein Uses: Construction: Proteins build components inside and outside our cells Enzyme reactions: Enzymes are special proteins that build or break down materials inside or outside the cells

33. What happens to the food you eat? Enzymes break down the food by acting as a Catalyst Catalyst – anything that makes a reaction take place without being changed itself Enzyme (catalyst) Food particle (substrate) The enzyme attaches to the food at the “active site” The enzyme breaks the food into smaller usable pieces (products) and releases them