1. Chapter 13 and 14 Review Evolution Part I

2. How did Darwin develop his theory of evolution? He traveled to the Galapagos and studied the animals He studied the fossil record He studied finches He studied adaptations and natural selection He read books

3. What is artificial selection? When humans choose what traits they want to pass on and breed animals/plants selectively

4. What is the smallest unit that evolves? A population

5. How can we tell if an organism is “fit” to survive? It makes babies and passes on its genes

6. What does comparative anatomy tell us about evolution? Organisms that share anatomical structures evolved from a common ancestor

7. What is a scientific theory? An idea or explanation that is supported by an abundance of facts and evidence

8. How do we know if animals are a different species? They cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

9. What is necessary for allopatric speciation? When new species evolve because they were separated by geographical isolation

10. What is taxonomy? The science of naming and classifying organisms

11. What is adaptive radiation? The evolution of numerous species from a single ancestor

12. What is sympatric speciation? The appearance of a new species in the same area as the parent population They are not separated by geographical barriers

13. If q2 is equal to 0.36, what is 2pq? q=0.6 p=0.4 2pq=0.48

14. If animals don’t breed because of different mating dances, what is this? Behavioral isolation Prezygotic barrier

15. What does comparative embryology tell us about evolution? Organisms that have similar embryos share a common ancestor

16. Evidence of Pangaea comes from the study of … biogeography

17. List and identify all 5 variables of the H-W equation. p = frequency of the dominant allele (A) q = frequency of the recessive allele (a) q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive (aa) p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant (AA) 2pq = frequency of heterozygous (Aa)

18. What are petrified trees and ammonite casts? fossils

19. If p is equal to 0.6, what is q equal to? 0.4 Because p+q=1

20. If p is equal to 0.5 and q is equal to 0.5, what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype? Heterozygous is equal to 2pq So 2 x 0.5 x 0.5 is equal to 0.5 which is equal to 50%

21. If q is equal to 0.3, what is p? 0.7

22. If p is equal to 0.8, what is the frequency of the heterozygous? p=0.8 So q = 0.2 Finding 2pq is 2 x 0.8 x 0.2 So 2 x 0.16 So it is equal to 0.32 or 32%

23. Does natural selection choose the phenotype or genotype? The phenotype (like long necks) and then eventually the genotypes change in the population

24. What are the conditions for H- W equilibrium? Large population size Isolated population Random mating All individuals are equal in reproductive success There are no mutations

25. What is an example of artificial selection? Breeding of dogs Breeding of broccoli and cauliflower from mustard greens

26. What is the founder effect? When a new population is started by a few individuals

27. Give an example of a postzygotic barrier Hybrid inviability Hybrid sterility Hybrid breakdown

28. What is the unifying theme of biology? evolution

29. What are some types of fossils? Bones Casts Petrified wood Organisms are preserved in ice

30. What are the 5 evidences of evolution? Fossils Comparative anatomy Comparative embryology Molecular biology biogeography

31. Give an example of comparative anatomy Our arm A bat wing A whale flipper A cat leg

32. What did Darwin conclude? Organisms who are the most fit survive and reproduce Populations produce more organisms than the environment can support The Earth is very old Organisms compete for limited resources Acquired traits (cutting off an arm) are NOT passed on to offspring

33. In the H-W equation, what is p 2 ? q 2 ? Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

34. What is the bottleneck effect? When a disaster drastically reduces population size

35. Why are endangered species genetically endangered? There is little genetic diversity and the populations are more susceptible to diseases

36. List and explain all 5 prezygotic barriers. Temporal isolation: mating occurs at different times Habitat isolation: individuals live in different habitats Behavioral isolation: there is no sexual attraction Mechanical isolation: sex parts don’t fit Gametic isolation: egg and sperm don’t fit together

37. List and explain all 3 postzygotic barriers Hybrid inviability: hybrid zygotes don’t develop to sexual maturity Hybrid sterility: hybrid babies are sterile, don’t produce gametes Hybrid breakdown: offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile

38. What is the difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation? Allopatric speciation occurs when there is geographical isolation, sympatric does not

39. Does allopatric speciation happen more often in small or large populations? small

40. What is evolution? A scientific theory supported by an abundance of facts and evidence that shows how species change over time

41. How old is the Earth? 4.6 billion years old

42. What animals are humans related to? Apes, dogs, cats, fish, reptiles, amphibians….everything!

43. If you need to find the frequency of the heterozygous genotype, what do you solve for? 2pq

44. If you know q2, how do you find q? Take the square root

45. If you know p, how do you find q? Subtract p from 1 p + q = 1 So 1-p = q

46. If you know q, how do you find the frequency of the heterozygous? First find p by doing 1-q Then do 2 x p x q

47. How much DNA do humans and chimps share? 98.5%

48. What does the H-W equilibrium tell us? It shows that conditions in nature support evolution Equilibrium does not occur in nature

49. What 5 things can cause evolution? Bottleneck effect Genetic drift Founder effect Gene flow Mutations

50. List the categories of taxonomy from largest to smallest. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

51. What is survival of the fittest? Natural selection They way populations evolve