1. 1890-1920

2.  Disparity of wealth  Workers rights  Working conditions  Wages, hours, child labor, danger, etc.  Poverty in cities – Tenements, poor sanitation  Racial discrimination – Immigrants & African Americans  Corruption in Social Justice  Immigrants, Women, African Americans, Children

3. Progressive Era Occurred in reaction to the extreme corruption, workplace conditions, and injustice of the Gilded Age Popular Presidents of the Progressive Era include Teddy Roosevelt & Woodrow Wilson (both are rather enigmatic in the levels of true progressivism). We will talk more on those two later.

4. Progressivism Movement based on the idea that new ideas and honest, efficient government could bring about social justice

5. Areas to Reform Social Justice Political Democracy Economic Equality Conservation

6. Social Justice Social Justice Improve working conditions in industry, regulate unfair business practices, eliminate child labor, help immigrants and the poor

7. Political Democracy Political Democracy Give the government back to the people, get more people voting and end corruption with political machines.

8. Economic Justice Fairness and opportunity in the work world, regulate unfair trusts and bring about changes in labor. Demonstrate to the common people that U.S. Government is in charge and not the industrialists.

9. CONSERVATION Preserve natural resources and the environment

10. Populists vs Progressives  Populists---rural  Progressives---cities  Populists were poor and uneducated  Progressives were middle-class and educated.  Populists were considered too radical  Progressives stayed political mainstream.  Populists initially failed  Progressives had more success

11. What is a muckraker? Writer/journalist who exposes the problems of society in order to bring about reform

12.  Lincoln Steffens (magazine editor)  The Shame of the Cities  Political corruption in Philadelphia  Jacob Riis (photographer, NY Evening Sun)  How the Other Half Lives  Poor living conditions in tenements Muckrakers

13.  Ida Tarbell  The History of Standard Oil  Robber baron business practices of Rockefeller  John Spargo  The Bitter Cry of the Children  Child Labor  Also, Lewis Hine Muckrakers

14.  Lewis Hine was a school teacher turned muckraker during the Progressive era.  In 1908 Hine became a photographer who was interested in exposing the ills of society.  From 1908-1912 he targeted the abuses of child labor in American Industry.  He produced a photo essay on child labor in 1909

15. Frank Norris  The Octopus  Unfair business practices of the Southern Pacific Railroad Muckrakers

16.  **Upton Sinclair  The Jungle  Working conditions for immigrants; unsanitary conditions in meat-packing plants  Frances E.W. Harper  Iola Leroy  Struggles of African Americans Muckrakers

17. Who are the Progressives? B. Religious Groups 1. Preaching of the "social gospel." 2. Create acts of god, churches should work to improve conditions for workers and the poor. 3. Religious organizations like the YMCA, YWCA, concentrated efforts on helping newcomers adjust to life in the big cities. Investigates slum conditions, provided food and clothing and set up settlement houses.

18. Who are the Progressives? C. Radical Groups 1. Socialist Party a. Organized in 1901 by labor leaders including Eugene V. Debs. b. Wanted govt. takeover of some big businesses, laws regulating business as well as a minimum wage and laws setting the length of the work week to 40 hours.

20. What increased segregation?  Jim Crow Laws (1876-1965)  Legalized segregation  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  “Separate but equal” Segregation

21. How did African Americans face discrimination in voting?  15th Amendment  Poll Tax  Literacy Tests  Grandfather Clauses How?  Southern states evade 15th Amend.  Required money to vote  Must pass a test to vote  If your ancestors could vote prior to 1866, then so could you How did these discriminate African Americans?

22. Booker T. Washington  Hard work  “Pull yourself up by your bootstraps”  Tuskegee Institute, vocational education W.E.B. DuBois  Disagreed with Washington  Wanted blacks to demand full equality Opposing Discrimination

23.  Founded in 1909  Springfield, Illinois  Founded by W.E.B. DuBois, Ida B. Wells, Florence Kelly, and other progressive reformers

24.  The NAACP was formed partly in response to the continuing horrific practice of lynching and the 1908 race riot in Springfield, the capital of Illinois and resting place of President Abraham Lincoln.  Appalled at the violence that was committed against blacks, a group of white liberals that included Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard, both the descendants of abolitionists, William English Walling and Dr. Henry Moscowitz issued a call for a meeting to discuss racial justice.  Some 60 people, seven of whom were African American (including W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell), signed the call, which was released on the centennial of Lincoln's birth. source naacp.org

25.  The NAACP's principal objective is to ensure the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority group citizens of United States and eliminate race prejudice. The NAACP seeks to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes.  This group helps pave the way for continued work towards civil rights for African Americans.

26. Who opposed discrimination, and how? Ida B. Wells  Worked to stop lynching  National Association of Colored Women http://withoutsanctuary.org/ma in.html “Brave men do not gather by thousands to torture and murder a single individual, so gagged and bound he cannot make even feeble resistance or defense.”