1. Brain: Parts and Functions

2. Central Nervous System: Brain
4 brain regions
Cerebral hemisphere
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum

3. Cerebral Hemispheres Most superior part of brain Covered with:
Gyri: ridges
Sulci: grooves
2 hemispheres are separated
by a longitudinal fissure
Each lobe is separated by small fissures

4. Brain Lobes

5. Frontal Lobe Decision making area: choice Problem solving Personality
Behaviors

6. Parietal Lobe
Sensory input
Motor output

7. Somatic Sensory Area
Located posterior to the central fissure in the parietal lobe.
Impulses traveling from the body’s sensory receptors are localized and interpreted in this area (not special senses; eye, ear, taste, smell)
Recognize pain/Coldness/Light touch
Lips and fingertips

8. Occipital Lobe
Vision Center

9. Temporal Lobe Auditory area (hearing) Olfactory area (smell)
Understanding speech

10. Cerebral Cortex Broca’s area (ability to speak) Vocalize words
Usually on the left hemisphere only of the frontal cortex
Higher intellectual reasoning
Anterior portion of frontal cortex
Memory
Stored in frontal and temporal lobes
Speech Area (sound out words)
Junction of temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
Language comprehension (word meanings)
Frontal lobe
Corpus callosum
Connects the cerebral hemispheres

11. 2. Diencephalon: Interbrain
Enclosed by the cortex
Thalamus
Relay station for sensory nerve impulses to pass to cortex
Can determine if sensation is pleasant or unpleasant
Epithalamus
Contains pineal body (endocrine gland)
Choroid plexus
Forms cerebral spinal fluid

12. Diencephalon: Interbrain
Hypothalamus (under thalamus)
Regulation of many functions
Temperature, water balance, metabolism
Regulates the pituitary gland
Center for many “drives” and emotions (part of limbic system)
Thirst, appetite, sex, pain, pleasure

13. 3. Brain Stem Midbrain Reflex centers for vision and hearing Pons
Relay station for cortex
Medulla oblongata
Controls vital functions
Heart rate
Breathing
Blood pressure
Swallowing
vomiting

14. 4. Cerebellum 2 hemispheres
Provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity
Controls balance
Body movements are smooth and coordinated
Equilibrium
Receives messages from the inner ear
Monitors body position
Touch your finger to your nose with your eyes shut

15. Protection of the CNS Bones: skull and vertebrae Membranes: Meninges
Dura mater: outer most double layer
Outer: attaches to inner surface of skull (Periosteum)
Inner: forms the outer-most covering of the brain
Arachnoid mater (“spider”)
Pia mater (“gentle mother”)
Clings to the surface of the brain
Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater)
Filled with CSF
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain

17. Protection of the CNS Cerebral spinal fluid Watery cushion
Moves continuously inside the brain
Circulates in ventricles (reservoirs)
Contains, glucose, proteins and sodium chloride
Lumbar spinal tap
Draw CSF for testing
Meningitis MS
Tumors

18. Spinal Cord 17 inches long Continuation of the brain stem
2 way conduction pathway to and from the brain
Major reflex pathway
31 pairs of spinal nerves exit