1. Supplements and Ergogenics Including Weight Gain, Illegal Drugs and Doping, Creatine and Other Popular and Miscellaneous Supplements Name:__________________________________________________ Period:____________

2. General Information _______________________ drugs and dietary supplements have been around since the ancient Olympic Games. Some substances have been banned by sports governing bodies such as the _______________ __________________________. Ergogenic aids can be any _____________, _________________, or _______________ that improves sport performance.

3. Weight Gain The type of weight an athlete needs to gain is ______________________ (muscle mass). As a general rule, in order to gain weight you must ____________________________________. The formula to gain one pound of muscle per week is _________________________= daily caloric needs. For example a 200 lb. football player would need require (200 x 20) 4000 calories per day. Gaining more than one pound per week results in increases in __________. Strength training will use the extra calories to stimulate growth.

4. Types of Performance Enhancing Supplements The two principal categories of performance enhancing substances are: – ________________________________________ – _______________________ Dietary supplements are highly refined products that would not be confused with food. They have _______________________________. Ergogenic substances are usually banned from athletic competition when a ________ is reached that they may provide an ___________________.

5. Hormones The most commonly used hormone to improve athletic performance is ___________, along with its synthetic derivatives. Also, a variety of other hormones produced by the body have been employed by athletes as ergogenic aids to stimulate the __________ to produce testosterone. Some synthetics may have anabolic properties themselves, like _____________ for example.

6. Anabolic Steroids Synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone, testosterone. Elevations in testosterone concentrations stimulate ___________________, resulting in improvements in __________, ___________, and ____________. The _______________ effects that testosterone regulates have made it one of the drugs of choice for strength/power athletes or other athletes interested in increasing muscle mass.

7. Adverse Effects Associated with Anabolic Steroid Use Cardiovascular: _________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Endocrine: _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Genitourinary: – Males- decreased sperm count, decreased testicular size. – Females-menstrual irregularities, clitoromegaly, masculization. – Males and Females: Gynecomastia, libido changes Dermatological: _________________________________________. Hepatic: _______________________________________________. Musculoskeletal: premature epiphyseal plate closure, increased risk of tendon tears, intramuscular abscess Psychological: ______________________________________________.

8. Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Secreted from the ______________________. HGH produced by the body stimulates ______ and __________ growth. HGH maintains blood glucose levels, increasing the uptake of glucose and amino acids into muscle cells, and stimulating release of fatty acids from the fat cells.

9. Before 1986 HGH was available only from ________ forcing the cost to be extremely high and limiting its use. Clinicians are now able to make HGH, but the cost is still relatively high on the ___________, about $150 - $170 per dose. The ______ potential of HGH and its ability to reduce body fat have contributed to the rise in HGH use among _____________. HGH is not studied for athletic populations because of ___________________.

10. Adverse Effects of HGH  Although growth hormone used as replacement therapy for people with growth hormone deficiency can be effective and can have minimal adverse consequences.  The doses that are likely used by athletes may pose a significant risk of __________.  __________ is a disfiguring disease characterized by a widening of the bone, arthritis, organ enlargement, and metabolic abnormalities.

11. Erythropoietin (EPO)  Naturally produced in the body by the ______ and stimulates the production of new _________ cells.  Its level increases in response to _____________ __________________ such as marathon running.  Blood Doping: EPO has been used in ___________ sports such as boxing, cycling, rowing, distance running and even horse racing.  The primary reason why athletes use EPO is to improve ___________ delivery to the muscles.

12.  Blockers  Blockers: generally prescribed by cardiologists for the treatment of a wide variety of ______________ diseases, including ___________. – Used by _________ and ________ to steady their nerves for ____________. Has other cardiovascular effects. –  Blockers impair cardiovascular response to exercise by reducing oxygen to exercising muscles.

13. Dietary Supplements Supplements are a quick fix. Athletes seek a quick fix because people are inherently _______. The best tried and time proven method for muscle growth is HARD WORK, SOUND DIET, and REST. Some athletes follow a ______________ and take supplements and are successful, however, those same athletes would probably be successful regardless of whether they took supplements or not.

14. Supplements Can Be Dangerous Products containing _________________, and their herbal forms can be dangerous. There is a lot of misinformation regarding supplements because of ______________ and _________________.

15. AXE and Supplement Advertisements Fitness magazines have anatomical figures, graphs, and tables that appear scientific, creating the ______________________. These ads are not made to ________ they are made to ________. The FDA does not control food supplements. Laws do not exist to protect the ___________. There is no guarantee that what is in listed on the label is in the bottle.

16. Protein  Essential Amino Acids (EAA): not _________ in the diet and must be obtained through the ____.  Essential amino acids include: isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and tryptophan.  Taking protein _____________ a workout and within ____________ of workout completion will cause a person to experience greater gains in muscle mass that training only.

17. Creatine  A nitrogenous organic compound that is synthesized __________ in the body, primarily in the _______.  It is found in abundance in both ___________________.  Among high school athletes that use supplements, 90% use creatine.  A ___________ limit for creatine exists within muscle. This has important implications for the “_____________” philosophy.  Creatine has been shown to increase strength and improve training by reducing ___________ and enhancing postworkout recovery.

18. Stimulants ___________: Used by aerobic and anaerobic athletes to increase alertness, reduce fatigue, increase confidence and even euphoria. – Adverse Effects: anxiety, gastrointestinal disturbances, restlessness, insomnia, tremors, and heart arrhythmias.

19. ______________: Reported to have a strong _________________ quality that bodybuilders desire in order to reduce body fat. Often stacked with caffeine. – Adverse Effects: _________, also called ma huang, is a plant or herb that contains ephedrine. In April 2004 the FDA banned all products containing ________. The FDA concluded that ___________ increased the incidence of nausea, vomiting, psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and change in mood, autonomic hyperactivity, palpitations, and in a few cases death.