1. GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
RAJKOT
CIVIL DEPARTMENT
SURVEYING
Guided by:
Prof. A. K. Gojiya

2. Group C1 Presentation Of “ Setting out works ” Submitted To:
Prof. A. K. Gojiya
Submitted By:
Group C1

3. Member of Group C1 EN.NO. NAME 130200106001 AJANA MAHIPAT RANABHAI
BHIMANI ATIK AMIN
BHIMANI KETANKUMAR
BHORANIYA ASHVIN MANSUKHBHAI
BORKHATARIYA JIGAR
CHAUDHARI ABHAY PURUSHOTTAM
CHAUDHARI FALGUNKUMAR
CHAVADA HITESHKUMAR DANABHAI
CHAVADA SAGAR
CHOVATIYA MILANKUMAR
GANVIT GAURANGKUMAR
GAUSWAMI CHIRAGGIRI SUBHASHGIRI
GOHEL MAULIKBHAI ARVINDBHAI
JADAV AZADBHAI RAYSINHBHAI
JADEJA RAJDEEPSINH VIRBHADRASINH
JAIMIN GODALAKA
DODIYA RAHUL MEPA

4. Introduction
Setting out is the process of transferring the distance from the plan already prepared, to the ground before starting a construction. The plan as designed and prepared is set out on the ground in the correct position. The branch of surveying dealing with the setting out on the ground is known as construction surveying.

5. Aims :-
-Understand the roles of the various different types of personnel who are involved in the setting out process
-Understand the aims of setting out
-Refer to the different types of plans that may be used in the setting out process
-Appreciate the good working practices that should be undertaken in order that the aims of setting out can be achieved
-Understand the procedures required to ensure that the horizontal and vertical control requirements of setting out operations can be met
-Set out design points on site by a number of methods
-Apply horizontal and vertical control techniques to second-stage setting out operations
-Appreciate the application of laser instruments in surveying and setting out

6. The setting out of work require the following two controls :
Horizontal control
Vertical control

7. Horizontal control
It consist of establishing reference marks of known plan positions from which horizontal distances are measured for setting out.
The control points are generally used to establish a base line near one face of the structure.
The setting out is done by taking measurements from the base line.

9. Horizontal control can be achieved by establishing reference grid.
The grid which is used for actual setting out of the salient points
of the structure.
If the structure has a large number of structural component ,
another grid is called the structural grid having points at a closer
spacing is established.

11. Vertical control
It consist of establishment of reference marks of known height relative to some specified datum.
The levels of the various points of the structure are measured from the vertical control points
A master bench mark is used to established a number of transferred bench marks or temporary bench marks.

12. SETTING OUT A BUILDING
The foundation plan of the building is usually supplied or it can be prepared from the given wall plan of the building and size foundations for different wall. Setting out of a building involves the transfer of the foundation plan frim paper into the actual size. The object of setting out a building is to provide the builder with clearly defined outlines for excavations.

13. The equipment required for the job are :
A 30 m steel tape
Two metallic tapes (15 m or 30 m)
A long cord
A plumb-bob
Stakes or pegs
Nails
A hammer

14. It is of litter use to set the pegs or stakes at the exact position of each of the corners of the building as they would be dug out while excavating the foundations. It is therefore advisable to first set out a reference rectangle either out side the limits of the excavation or along the centre lines of the outside walls of the building and then to locate each centre by means of co-ordinates with reference to the sides of this rectangle.

15. Both the methods of forming reference retengle and setting out the building are descibed below.
1. Setting out building by circumscribing rectangle
2. Setting out building by center-line-rectangle

16. 1. Setting out building by circumscribing rectangle
Since stakes cannot be set at the exact corner points of a foundation plan, these are fixed at the corners of a bigger rectangle circumscibing the actual foundation pian. Any suitable distance of the outer rectangle from the center line of the fundation plan can be chosen, but a distance of usyally 2 to 4 m is considered to be ideal. The actual procedure consists of the following steps :

17. 1) Preparation of the foundation trench pian showing the width of the foundations for various walls.
2) Temporary pegs are driven at the actual corner points of the foundation plan.
3) Then using these pegs as refernce, a parallel line, say PQ of required length is set out at a arbitrary selected distance from the actual center line.
4) A cord is stretched between the pegs P and Q. At P, a line is set out perpendicular to PQ. On this line, the position S is marked by setting a peg.

19. 5) Step (4) is repeated at point Q so as to obtain point R.
6) Having now set out the reference rectangle PQRS, the actual corners can be marked using the sides of the reference rectangle PQRS.
7) Once all the points are staked, a cord is passed around the periphery of the rectangle and the actual excavation lines are marked using line.

20. Checks :
In steps (4) and (5), after marking points S and R, respectively, the diagonals QS and PR should be measured. These lengths should correspond to the distances on the plan.
After setting out the point R, the length RS should be measured and should be exactly same as that of PQ.

21. 2. Setting out building by center-line-rectangle
In this method rectangle formed by the centre lines of the outer walls of the building is used.
The procedure consists of the following steps :
1) The reference rectangle formed by centre lines of the out side walls of the building as shown in fig. Is known as center line rectangle. The corners are located by mesuring their co-ordiates with refernce to the sides of this rectangle. The temporary stakes are fixed at these points.

23. 2) Since these pegs are not permanet and will be lost during excavation, the sudes of the centre line rectangle are produced on both the sides and permanent stakes are fixed on each of the prolongations, at a fixed distance, say 2 m, as shown in fig.
3) By using these stakes, the position of any point can be obtained by plotting its coordinates using the reference stakes.

24. In case of precise working i. e
In case of precise working i.e. For important building, a theodolite should be used for setting out right angles.
Bench marks should be established in convenient positions away from the site of work so that they remain undisturbed until the work is completed.

25. Setting out of culverts :
Setting out of culvert involves locating the corners of the abutments and the spring walls with respect to the respective centre lines of a road or railway and the drainage nullah, strem, etc.
While designing the culvert, the designer uses these centre lines as axes of co-ordinates and their point of intersection is taken as the origin. A detailed tracing of the plan shows the co-ordinate of the corners of abutments and the wing walls in a tabular form.

26. corner easting northing
Sketch and table
corner
easting
northing a O1 1a b O2 2b c O4 4c d O3 3d e 1e f 2f g 4g h 3h
Procedure :
Set out the line COD; right angle should preferably be set with a theodolite.
Stretch strings along the line AB and along the line CD.
Set off the distances O1, O2, O3, O4 etc.
Take two tapes and put their rings together. Now the other ends of the respective tapes are held at pins 1 on CD and a1 on AB with readings oa1 and O1 respectly. When the common end is stretched, the particular position of the corner a.
The other corners of the abutments and wing walls are marked in a similar way.
The final outline of each abutment is marked by stretching a chord around the periphery through the marked points. In case of curved wing walls the points on the curve are set out using the method of offsets to the chord.

27. Introduction
Setting out a culvert is simple because there is only one span and the flow of water is less.
If the flow of water is more, it can be easily diverted.
For bridges, flow of water can not be diverted and length may be very long.
Due to above reasons, the setting out can not be carried out from the centre of the bridge. So, it is not easy to setting out BRIDGES

28. Operations for the Setting out Bridges
Preparation of topographic map of the bridge site.
Determination of the length of the Bridge.
Location of piers.

29. Preparation of topographic map of the bridge site.
Topographic survey of the site and approaches to the bridge is required for long bridges.
Tachometric methods are used for the survey work and contouring.
Then the map is prepared showing the required information and data.

30. Determination of the length of the Bridge.
The length of the bridge is required to be measure along the centre line.
The length of the long bridge is usually determined by triangulation.
If the P & Q are the points on the opposite banks on the centre line of the road.
To find the length of the bridge following methods are used.
a) First method : Triangulation
b) Second method : Quadrilateral method

31. a) First method : Triangulation
b) Second method : Quadrilateral method

32. Location of piers :
After the length of the bridge is measured, mark the position of central points of piers along the centre line on the plan.
The pier are located by intersections of sight from the ends of the base line by the following methods :
a) First method
b) Second method

33. a) First method
b) Second method

34. SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
Tunnel surveying consists of two surveys surface survey and underground survey, surface survey done in the usual way. As the terrain near the tunnel is likely to be mountainous and difficult, careful surveying required to get the proper alignment of the tunnel. In setting out tunnels, a major problem is the transfer of surface alignment and levels to the underground tunnel base. The alignment and levels have to be transferred to points several meters below the surface .

35. The setting out of a tunnel consists of the following operations:
Obtaining the alignment of the center line of the proposed tunnel in the usual way.
Determination of the correct length of the tunnel.
Establishing permanent stations marking the center line of the tunnel.

36. Transferring alignment:
The transfer the surface alignment to a point inside the tunnel the following procedure is adopted.

37. Make a vertical shaft from the surface to the tunnel
Make a vertical shaft from the surface to the tunnel. On the top of the shaft, lay two wooden beams A and B at right angles to the alignment of the shaft.
A theodolite is set up at a predetermined station on the center line marked on the ground surface and an another station is sighted, again on the center line it self.
The center line is then care fully set up on the beams by repetitive observing and averaging.

38. Hang two heavy plumb bobs using steel wires from points A and B marked on the wooden beams.
You may also keep the plumb bobs in oil or water to keep them from swaying due to minor air flow.
The theodolite is transferred to the bottom of the shaft. Align the line of sight of the theodolite with the theodolite with the two wires after a number of trials.
Once the alignment is available, mark the points along this direction on the roof and on the ground with permanent markers, drilled in the roof.

39. Transferring benchmarks:
Surface leveling done in the usual way, vertical control points are first established near the site. Local benchmarks are established near the shaft for transferring the levels underground.

40. The following procedure is adopted.
A steel wire loaded with a weight of 5-10 kg is passed over a pulley at the top of the shaft and is then lowered into the shaft.
Two fine wire AB and CD are stretched at the top and bottom of the shaft respectively.
The steel wire lowered into the shaft is so adjusted that it is in contact with both the wire AB and CD.

41. Mark this hung wire at the level of the two horizontal wires accurately by a chalk stretch the hung wire fully and keep the horizontal wires taut.
The wire is pulled out from the shaft and is stretched on the ground.
The distance between the two marks, on the wire, is measured using a measuring tape and this gives the reduce level of the bottom of the shaft. Mark this point.