1. Chapter 8: Geography Donna M. Gollnick and Philip C. Chinn Merrill/Prentice Hall (2009) Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition 1 Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition ISBN: 0136154743 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

2. 2 Geographic Influence: Main Ideas Identity is closely linked to the geographic area in which we grew up and now live. Each area holds different meaning for individuals based on race, ethnicity, religion, age, and primary language. This meaning is derived not only from how membership in diverse groups is viewed by the community, but also from the history and culture of the region. Understanding geographic influence provides a context for teaching and learning based on students’ experiences. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

3. 3 What is Geography? The study of places Physical geography: Study of the physical environment Human geography: Economic activities Social and cultural systems Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

4. 4 Global Demographics 75% of the global population lives in the Northern Hemisphere Greater than 50% lives in Asia Over half of the world’s population lives in mega-cities Less than 5% of the world population lives in the United States Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

5. 5 Diversity in the U.S. Degree of diversity differs across regions of the U.S. 6 main regions: South Appalachia New England and Mid-Atlantic Great Plains and the Midwest Southwest West (Coastal and Interior) Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

6. 6 Regional Influences Each region has a distinct history which has, over time, influenced the type of economic, social, religious, linguistic, and ethnic cultures of that region. Each region has distinct characteristics which influence the experiences of individuals in those regions. Education is influenced by region, as well, in terms of varied student-teacher ratios, teacher salaries, graduation rates, backgrounds of and approaches to educating English language learners, and the role of local communities in control of schools. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

7. 7 Regional Diversity Culture is influenced by the people who share the space and place in which we live. People are both influenced by the space in which they live, and also give meaning to it. This reciprocal influence builds a comfort zone for those who live in those areas, with many choosing to stay in areas where they were raised. Three types of areas within regions: rural, urban, and suburban. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

8. 8 Rural Areas: Demographics Farmers, ranchers, residents of small towns who may work in nearby cities American Indians living on reservations or trust lands 47% White; 40% Latino 5% foreign-born (immigrants) Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

9. 9 Rural Economics Residents typically earn less than those in urban areas; over 25% are barely over the poverty line. The rural economy is sensitive to fluctuations of weather, manufacturing, and export rates. Larger corporations have taken over small farms as the need for longer storage and financial sustenance has increased. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

10. 10 Rural Schools Lower student-teacher ratios than urban areas, allowing for more individual attention Less availability of specialty classes or teachers trained in those areas for some schools, resulting in school and district consolidation This is particularly true for higher-level math and science courses, as well as the arts. Technology is bridging this gap for some rural schools, through the use of satellite and Internet connections. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

11. 11 Urban Areas: Demographics 50 metropolitan areas in the U.S. have over 1 million residents Highly diverse—very wealthy and very poor Segregated by income and often by ethnic and linguistic differences Experiences of residents may be dramatically different, ranging from expensive, elite housing and schools, to decrepit, dangerous schools and living accommodations Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

12. 12 Urban Schools Nearly 25% of U.S. students attend the largest 100 school districts, ranging in population from 47,000 to over one million per district Students of color are the majority in these 100 school districts Nearly half of the students in these districts qualify for free and reduced lunch Approximately one in ten is eligible for English language support programs Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

13. 13 Urban School Diversity Economic resources of families often determine the type of educational resources and family involvement available to schools. Student needs in urban schools vary greatly by economic resources. Magnet Schools emphasize particular subjects or fields. Charter Schools operate outside of district control, developing their own “charter” governed by state guidelines. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

14. 14 Suburban Demographics Life in the suburbs is a relatively recent phenomena in the U.S., building substantially after World War II. Most individuals and suburban communities are economically, racially, ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse. Some suburban areas may intentionally become economically segregated due to local business centers and housing developments. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

15. 15 Suburban Schools School buildings are often more recently built, in good condition. They typically have the latest technology, well-qualified teachers, advanced placement courses, programs for gifted students, and a range of extra-curricular activities. Suburban school quality may vary depending on economic and racial diversity of the community. Students in suburban schools typically have higher academic performance on standardized tests. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

16. 16 Worldwide Migration and Immigration Migration: moving from one place to another Immigration: moving into a country with the intention of permanently settling there Factors influencing migration and immigration: Political persecution Religious freedom Economics Racial and ethnic oppression Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

17. 17 Worldwide Migration Typically involves migration from rural to urban areas Many urban areas do not have the resources to provide services to growing numbers of migrants Many migrants or immigrants are forced to live at the city borders in substandard living conditions Many do not return to their country of origin, although that was their original intent Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

18. 18 U.S. Migration Early U.S. history: Western migration Often migration to other regions was, and is, due to search for employment. Current U.S. migration trend is from urban to suburban and rural areas; this is opposite from the worldwide migration trend. U.S. migration also includes moves to southern and western states, from New England and Mid-Atlantic regions, influencing school enrollments in those areas. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

19. 19 Globalization Economic, political, environmental, and cultural influences call for global connections Began with colonization in the 15 th century, which was dominated by ideas of manifest destiny Continues through the development of world political and economic organizations to address a variety of human issues Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

20. 20 Globalization: Economy Businesses and organizations are increasingly competing on a global scale. Advances in technology have made much of this possible; however, the majority of the world’s population does not have access to this technology. Decisions made in one country or region directly affect the economics of others. Economic growth varies both within and among countries; disparities between rich and poor continue to increase. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

21. 21 Globalization: Environment The global ecosystem is directly affected by population needs and consumption. Industrialized nations use more resources and contribute more pollutants to the environment than non-industrialized nations. Industrialized nations often exploit indigenous communities and resources, threatening their lives and cultures. Current efforts are directed at addressing major environmental concerns at global, national, regional, state, and local levels. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

22. 22 Focusing the Lens: Diversity and the Classroom Student differences in language, race, religion, economic background, and behavioral norms are a reflection of their prior experiences and histories. Effective teachers learn about these histories and experiences and use them as a context for teaching and learning. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

23. 23 Immigrant Students Many live in segregated, low-income communities. Some have parents who participate in seasonal work, affecting their consistent school participation. Many will need the support of English language development programs. Most immigrant parents strongly support the education of their children; how they show this support, however, may differ from what is expected. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

24. 24 Tips for Teaching Immigrant Students Be welcoming. Ask about district resources for immigrant students. Take the initiative to learn more about educating English language learners, from other teachers and from professional development opportunities. Have high expectations, and support their work toward those expectations. Understand varied levels of assimilation and acculturation among students and communities, and respond with sensitivity. Honor family cultures by incorporating elements into your teaching. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

25. 25 Tips for Teaching for Globalization Plan to integrate worldwide events and actions into lessons. Have students explore a variety of perspectives on an issue. Connect with schools and students in other countries using technology. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

26. 26 Tips for Working with Families and Communities Reach out to parents: do not expect them to always come to you. Develop a range of strategies that are congruent with the home cultures of students. Learn and know the religious, economic, ethnic, linguistic, and racial cultures and history of the community. Invite the community and parents to be resources in the classroom and curriculum. Gollnick & Chinn Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society 8th Edition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.