1. African Americans by Lainie Belcher Brenda Cisneros Melissa Hodson Marty Nielsen Sandy Rasmussen Aguirre, A., Jr., & Turner, J.H., (2007). African Americans. American ethnicity: The dynamics and consequences American ethnicity: The dynamics and consequences of discrimination. Boston: McGraw-Hill. of discrimination. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

2. Historical Perspective Slavery; by 1670 most were forced into slavery Slavery; by 1670 most were forced into slavery Biological inferiority, “inferior race” Biological inferiority, “inferior race” “Jim Crow” practices; informal ways A.A.s were excluded from access to jobs, education, and housing “Jim Crow” practices; informal ways A.A.s were excluded from access to jobs, education, and housing Thirteenth Amendment, 1866 Thirteenth Amendment, 1866 Civil War abolished slavery and the economic base of the South Civil War abolished slavery and the economic base of the South Almost 200 years of being viewed as inferior race Almost 200 years of being viewed as inferior race

3. Post Civil War Reaction to the Thirteenth Amendment Reaction to the Thirteenth Amendment Southern states enact “black codes” restricting rights of freed slaves Southern states enact “black codes” restricting rights of freed slaves Enforced through violence, key to maintaining black subordination Enforced through violence, key to maintaining black subordination Radical Reconstruction Radical Reconstruction Fourteenth Amendment; extension of civil rights act designed to overrule “black codes”, 1868 Fourteenth Amendment; extension of civil rights act designed to overrule “black codes”, 1868 Fifteenth Amendment; extended voting rights to African Americans, 1870 Fifteenth Amendment; extended voting rights to African Americans, 1870 Civil Rights Act of 1875; outlawed “Jim Crow” practices Civil Rights Act of 1875; outlawed “Jim Crow” practices

4. Post Radical Reconstruction Radical Republicans lost control of Congress and Presidency in 1880 Radical Republicans lost control of Congress and Presidency in 1880 Almost immediately, new exclusionary laws were passed at state and local levels Almost immediately, new exclusionary laws were passed at state and local levels Supreme Court began to legitimize reemerging Jim Crow practices in 1890s Supreme Court began to legitimize reemerging Jim Crow practices in 1890s Declared Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional Declared Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson; segregated facilities not a violation 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson; segregated facilities not a violation “If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution cannot put them on the same plane” “If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution cannot put them on the same plane” Firmly established the culture and structure of discrimination in U.S. Firmly established the culture and structure of discrimination in U.S.

5. First Half of Twentieth Century First half of twentieth century state and local codes discriminated against blacks in many vital areas of life: First half of twentieth century state and local codes discriminated against blacks in many vital areas of life: Education, housing, jobs, politics, differential enforcement of laws Education, housing, jobs, politics, differential enforcement of laws Blatant legal discrimination which reinforced and encouraged informal discrimination in housing, schools, jobs, and politics=birth of civil rights movement Blatant legal discrimination which reinforced and encouraged informal discrimination in housing, schools, jobs, and politics=birth of civil rights movement

6. Civil Rights Movement 1950s and 1960s: Lawsuits, mass protests, boycotts, sit-ins, lobbying Congress organized to eliminate legal discrimination 1950s and 1960s: Lawsuits, mass protests, boycotts, sit-ins, lobbying Congress organized to eliminate legal discrimination Brown v Board of Education: first big legal victory in 1954 Brown v Board of Education: first big legal victory in 1954 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 Eliminated legal and informal discrimination in employment, unions, housing, voting booths, and schools Eliminated legal and informal discrimination in employment, unions, housing, voting booths, and schools Affirmative Action Affirmative Action How to reverse another 100 years of discrimination (total of 300 years) How to reverse another 100 years of discrimination (total of 300 years)

8. TAFKATP The activity formerly known as “Tea Party”) Housing Housing Education Education Occupation Occupation Political Political Other societal impacts Other societal impacts

9. Consider… How does these facts from the article reproduce sterotyping? How does these facts from the article reproduce sterotyping? What is the impact upon parental support? What is the impact upon parental support?

10. Present Day Discrimination Racial Profiling Racial Profiling Most riots and revolts this century resulted from routine police arrests Most riots and revolts this century resulted from routine police arrests Jobs Jobs Overrepresentation in menial service jobs Overrepresentation in menial service jobs Underrepresentation in professional and managerial jobs Underrepresentation in professional and managerial jobs Overlooked for promotions Overlooked for promotions Twice as likely to be unemployed Twice as likely to be unemployed Earn less Earn less Twice as likely to be poor Twice as likely to be poor

11. Present Day Discrimination Politics Politics Without political power, it is difficult to diminish discrimination Without political power, it is difficult to diminish discrimination Even where A.A.s have made gains in large cities, comes at time when political and economic power has shifted to the suburbs Even where A.A.s have made gains in large cities, comes at time when political and economic power has shifted to the suburbs Education Education Majority of black children attend inner city schools Majority of black children attend inner city schools Little access to higher education Little access to higher education

12. Present Day Discrimination Discrimination in housing works against finding jobs, attending decent schools, access to public facilities and services such as health care Discrimination in housing works against finding jobs, attending decent schools, access to public facilities and services such as health care FHA urban-suburban discrimination FHA urban-suburban discrimination 1973 Supreme Court Ruling-allowed suburban communities zonal control which allowed them to keep public housing and federally subsidized home ownership programs out of the suburbs 1973 Supreme Court Ruling-allowed suburban communities zonal control which allowed them to keep public housing and federally subsidized home ownership programs out of the suburbs Civil Rights laws ineffective counteracting housing discrimination Civil Rights laws ineffective counteracting housing discrimination Redlining; A.A.s have been denied home mortgages (illegal but hard to catch) thereby denying home ownership Redlining; A.A.s have been denied home mortgages (illegal but hard to catch) thereby denying home ownership

13. Perceived threat Convergence of social ills Convergence of social ills Poverty, joblessness, crime, welfare dependency, fatherless families, low education or work skills, gangs, drugs Poverty, joblessness, crime, welfare dependency, fatherless families, low education or work skills, gangs, drugs White hostility toward A.A.s is fueled by a sense of threat White hostility toward A.A.s is fueled by a sense of threat Many fear “black violence” Many fear “black violence” Fear cost of welfare Fear cost of welfare Taking of jobs through Affirmative Action Taking of jobs through Affirmative Action Negative stereotypes used to justify informal discrimination, dismantling or underfunding programs that help urban poor, negligence in enforcing laws, hesitancy to create jobs Negative stereotypes used to justify informal discrimination, dismantling or underfunding programs that help urban poor, negligence in enforcing laws, hesitancy to create jobs Result=A.A. share of valued resources has not increased over the past two decades even with laws to prevent formal discrimination, enforces negative belief that A.A.s have not “taken advantage of their equal opportunities Result=A.A. share of valued resources has not increased over the past two decades even with laws to prevent formal discrimination, enforces negative belief that A.A.s have not “taken advantage of their equal opportunities