1. Chapter 5-6 Sense Relations

2. Sense Relations(语义关系）
polysemy
homonymy
synonymy
antonymy
hyponymy
-onym n combining form indicating a name or word

3. I. Polysemy（一词多义)
“Polysemy” refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have more than one meaning.
when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic.
Questions:
How does a word acquire new meanings?
In what way are the meanings related to one another?

4. Relations of meaning of polysemy
Original meaning & extended meaning
General meaning & special meaning
Abstract meaning & concrete meaning
Literal meaning & figurative meaning

5. Original meaning & extended meaning
eg. Candidate
（穿白衣的人）
pen
（羽毛）

6. General meaning & special meaning
case
This is often the case with him.
This is a case of cholera.
fire the fire in the sitting room.
gas artist

7. Abstract meaning & concrete meaning
e.g. Beauty is but skin deep.
She is a real beauty.
eg. (on p.137)
government. worry
eye. stage. nerve.

8. Literal meaning & figurative meaning eg. A mirror reflects light.
Their actions reflects their thought.
blanket: 羊毛毯; 给……盖毛毯
像羊毛毯的东西 （a blanket of snow)
掩盖 （to blanket a scandal)

9. 2. Two approaches to polysemy:
diachronic approach : （历时角度）
synchronic approach : （共时角度）

10. Diachronic approach.
From the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word .
At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaning is the primary meaning.
With the advance of time and the development of language, it took on more and more meanings. These later meanings are called derived meanings as they are all derived from the primary meaning.

11. the general outward appearance of something
名词 face:
the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear 同义词：human face
the feelings expressed on a person's face 同义词：expression, look, aspect, facial expression
the general outward appearance of something
a part of a person that is used to refer to a person
status in the eyes of others
a vertical surface of a building or cliff
Of the nine meanings spelled out above, (1) is the primary meaning—the basic meaning of the word face. All the rest are derived later on from the primary meaning. These meanings were acquired by extension, narrowing, analogy, transfer, etc.

12. Synchronic approach.
Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.
In this way, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning. The derived meanings, no matter how many, are secondary in comparison.
In the case of the word face, (1) is the central meaning and all the rest are minor ones. This does not necessarily mean that the secondary meanings are secondary in importance.

13. Synchronic approach 名词 face:
the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear (central meaning)
　 (secondary meaning)
2. the feelings expressed on a person's face 同义词：expression, look, aspect, facial expression
the general outward appearance of something
a part of a person that is used to refer to a person
status in the eyes of others
a vertical surface of a building or cliff

14. (1) joyous and lively; merry; happy; (2) bright; brilliant;
Gay:
(1) joyous and lively; merry; happy;
(2) bright; brilliant;
(3) given to social life and pleasure;
(4) wanton; licentious; （嬉戏的、不负责任的、放纵的）
(5) homosexual. (central meaning )
The order of the senses indicates the development, the first meaning being the basic and primary and the last the latest. But in usage and currency, the opposite is true. In both CCELD and LDCE, Sense (5) is arranged as No. 1 because it is rated as the most frequently used meaning.

15. 3. Two processes of development
The development of word meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses which are called radiation and concatenation.

16. Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all traced back to central meaning.
Face

17. Concatenation: meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.
Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to preceding one like chains.

18. 2. office seeker in white gowns 3. a person who seeks an office
For example:
Candidate
1. white-robed
2. office seeker in white gowns
3. a person who seeks an office
4. a person proposed for a place, award, etc.

19. II. Homonymy (同形异义)
Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words with different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.

20. Types of homonymy Perfect homonyms (同形同音异义) Homophones (同音异义）
Homographs (同形异音异义)

21. Types of Homonyms:
Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning
bank n the edge of the river, lake, etc. bank n an establishment for money business
bear n a large heavy animal bear v to put up with

22. dear n a loved person deer n a kind of animal
Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g.
dear n a loved person deer n a kind of animal
son n a male child of someone sun n the heavenly body from which the earth gets warmth and light
‘homophones
Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.

23. Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow /bau/ n bending the head as a greeting bow /bəu/ n the device used for shooting arrows
sow /səu/ v to scatter seeds sow /sau / n female adult pig
P 142

24. What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy?    
Polysemy refers to the fact that one word have more than one meaning.
From the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.
Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time, say,Modern English.

25.   What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy?
Homonymy refers to words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
Basically polysemy refers to meanings that evolved or extended from the same source while homonymy refers to meanings from different origins that happen to share the same form now.

26. e.g. “bank” of a river and “bank” a place where one stores money are not obviously connected with each other, so “bank” is  homonym. For instance, “ power” have the meaning of “energy” and “authority” and they are obviously connected with each other, so “power ”is a polysemy. P

27. P143-146 145 flower flour Flour : the finest part 多义词解体：
Provided, owing to, regarding, considering, concerning, excepting
Etymological doublets:
Shade, shadow /
Dish, desk, dais, disc, discus discus

28. Rhetoric Features of polysemy and homonymy

29. Examples “I do look nice in the picture, don’t I ?”
“well, the answer lies in the negative.”
“Waiter”
“Yes, sir”
“what’s this”
“It’s bean soap, sir.”
“No matter what it’s been, what is it now?”

30. Examples
Father (reprovingly) : Do you know what happens to liars when they die?
Johnny: Yes, sir, they lie still.
Customer: I would like to buy a book, please.
Bookseller: Something light?
Customer: That doesn’t matter, I have my car with me.

31. Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfield?
Because it has so many ears.
Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages?
Because there were so many Knights.

32. From the above examples, we can say that polysemy and homonyms are often employed to achieve humor or irony for stylistic purpose.

33. Pun 双关语（PUN）, 指同形异义词（homonym）或同音异义词（homophone）的巧妙使用。
Joel Sherzer的定义是：一个词或词组，以文字游戏的形式，出其不意地把互不关联的双重含义同时结合起来。
（ A pun is a form of speech play in which a word or phrase unexpectedly and simultaneously combines two unrelated meaning.）
在Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 的解释为：the humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the same sound but different meanings; a play on words.

34. Examples:
“You’re not eating your fish,” the waitress said to him.“ Anything wrong with it?”“ Longtime no see.” The man replied.
Seven days without water makes one weak.
Amy: Auntie kissed me.
Mother: How nice! Did you kiss her back, dear?
Amy: Of course not. I kissed her face.

35. We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately
We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin Franklin)
Try our sweet corn．You‘ll smile from ear to ear． （甜玉米广告）
“你一尝就会吃一穗又一穗，高兴得合不拢嘴。”
A sound way to learn English. (英语教学磁带广告)

36. 美国著名的杂志《时代》(Time) 曾为自己做过这样的广告:Make time for time. ( 腾出点时间读《时代》) 。
7 days without 7- Up makes one weak.（七天不喝‘7- Up’, 就会感到浑身无力。）
Ask for more. (摩尔香烟广告：再来一支，还吸摩尔）

37. 要想皮肤好，早晚用大宝。
衣衣（依依）不舍。（服装广告）
百衣（依）百顺。 （服装广告）
默默无蚊（闻）。 （蚊香广告）
骑（其）乐无穷。（摩托车广告）

38. IV Ambiguity and vagueness
Eg.
a married man or woman
Are you engaged?
an English teacher
Jack and Jane are married.

39. Vagueness (含混）
Eg.
City vs. town
evening vs. night
tall vs. short

40. Assignment
Ex. 5 on p158
Ex. 6 on p. 159
Ex. 7 on p. 160