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Organize the following levels of organization from simplest to most complex. Organism Biome Biological Community Ecosystem Population Biosphere
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Student Generated Data Sorted Data- group words based on perceptions of how the terms fit together Determine Concept Labels
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The study of relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environment organisms Biological community populations ecosystem biome biosphere
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Organism ◦ Individual plant, animal or single-celled life form. Population ◦ Individual organisms of a single species sharing the same geographic location. Species- An individual belonging to a group of organisms having common characteristics and are capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring. Biological Community ◦ Interacting populations of species that occupy the same geographic region.
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Ecosystem ◦ Community of all living organisms (biotic) plus climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving (abiotic) factors Biome ◦ Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities ◦ Characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities Biosphere ◦ All biomes combined including the earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere and surface.
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Levels of Organization
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Biotic factors ◦ Living things Plants, animals, fungi and bacteria Abiotic factors ◦ Nonliving things Moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil Balance of these factors determines which living things can survive in a particular environment.
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Ecosystem is a complex web of connected biotic and abiotic factors Biodiversity ◦ Assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem High area of biodiversity = rainforests Rainforest covers less than 7% of Earth’s surface but accounts for over 50% of planet’s plant and animal species Rainforests are considered hot spots (area that is rich in biodiversity)
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A. Producers: organisms that get their energy from non-living resources; make their own food ◦ AKA Autotrophs which means “self-nourishment”
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1. Photosynthesis- sunlight energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates (most producers).
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1. f 2. Chemosynthesis: process by which an organism forms carbohydrates using chemicals, rather than light, as an energy source ◦ Found in deep-sea vents, sulfur-rich salt marsh flats, hydrothermal pools
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B. Consumer: organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources ◦ AKA Heterotrophs means “different nourishment”
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Herbivores: Eat ONLY plants Carnivores: Eat ONLY animals Omnivores: Eat BOTH plants and animals Scavengers: Eat carcasses of other animals Decomposers: Break down organic matter into simpler compounds (into detritus) Detritivores: Eat detritus ◦ detritus = dead organic matter
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Species that relies on one (or a small number) of food sources Very sensitive to changes in availability of prey Example: Snail Kite ◦ Depends on apple snail as its main food source
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Most species DO NOT rely on a single source of food Varying diet Example: Gray Wolf ◦ Eat elk, moose, white-tailed deer, beavers, mice
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All ecosystems depend on producers ALL consumers are connected to producers ALL consumers indirectly depend on the sun for their energy
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Simplest way to look at energy flow Food chain- sequence that links species by their feeding relationships ◦ One producer and a single chain of consumers
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Primary consumers = herbivores Secondary consumers = carnivores that eat herbivores Tertiary consumers = carnivores that eat secondary consumers Omnivores can be listed at different trophic levels Organisms may have multiple feeding relationships. Example: reef shark eats a parrotfish it is a secondary consumer; reef shark eats a triggerfish it is a tertiary consumer
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Food Chain SUN
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Food Web- Model showing complex network of feeding relationships ◦ Stability of food web depends on the presence of producers
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Check HW “Weaving the Web” “Let’s Do Lunch- Cerebrotroph”
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One of the most basic needs that every living organism has is the need for energy. Within an ecosystem there is a one way flow of energy ◦ Ecosystems get their energy from sunlight ◦ The energy flows up the food chain ◦ Some energy is dissipated (lost) ◦ Each level of the food chain contains much less energy than the level below
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The interactions that characterize the flow of energy from one organism to another are called Trophic Levels (levels of nourishment in a food chain/web).
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No limit in trophic levels, but only a portion of the energy that passes through any trophic level is stored in the bodies of organisms at the next level. ◦ Thus there are a smaller number of organisms in the next trophic level.
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Body uses energy for movement & growth, but the energy is mostly consumed to keep the body at its normal temperature ◦ Unused material is excreted as waste Dissipation of energy between trophic levels can be as much as 90% ◦ Only 10% of energy is left to transfer to the next trophic level
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Energy Pyramid ◦ Diagram that shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or food web ◦ The more levels between a producer and a consumer= the smaller percentage of the available energy
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Biomass Pyramid ◦ Compares the different biomass (amount of living tissue) of different trophic levels Typically measured in grams of organic matter per unit area
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Pyramid of Numbers ◦ Shows the numbers of individual organims at each trophic level in an ecosystem In some cases the lowest level may not be the largest level
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Habitat= where the organism lives (biotic and abiotic factors are included!) Niche = how an organism lives in its environment ◦ Food: type of food, how it competes for food, where does it fit in food web ◦ Abiotic conditions: air temp and amount of water species can tolerate ◦ Behavior: time of day species is active, where and when it reproduces
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Competitive exclusion: two species are competing for same resources but one species dominates and pushes the other one out Ecological equivalents: species occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions
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Lives in South America Live in Madagascar
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Two organisms fighting for the same limited resources Organisms can have different niches but still compete for similar resources Can occur between members of the same species
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Process by which one organism captures and feeds upon another organism Herbivores can also be considered predators because they are preying on the plants
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Close ecological relationship between two or more organisms of different species ◦ Mutualism: Both organisms benefit Bats and cacti flowers ◦ Commensalism: One of the organisms benefits while the other one doesn’t benefit or is harmed Eyelash mites that feed on secretions and dead skin ◦ Parasitism: One organism benefits while the other one is harmed Wasp laying eggs inside a caterpillar
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