1. Cellular Structure

2. Nucleus  The control center of the cell (metabolism, protein synthesis)

3. Nucleolus  Dense region that contains DNA?RNA  Synthesizes rRNA and ribosomes

4. Cytoplasm  The watery fluid which contains the materials which enter the cell.  Dissolves things, supports cell structure.

5. Organelles  Intracellular structure that performs a specific function or group of functions. (cellular respiration, releasing energy)

6. Mitochondria  The “powerhouse” of the cell.  They create food to obtain energy for cell activities.  Produces 95% of ATP

7. Matrix Substance/ space between cristae

8. Cristae  Lots of folds in mitochondria

9.  The cristae greatly increase the inner membrane's surface area. It is on these cristae that food (sugar) is combined with oxygen to produce ATP - the primary energy source for the cell.

10. Ribosomes  Makes proteins in the cell. “Protein factories”- aka. protein synthesis  Contains RNA

11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 1.Synthesis 2.Storage 3.transport

12. Smooth (SER)  Lack ribosomes (smooth

13. Rough (RER)  Contain ribosomes (hence rough)

14. Golgi Apparatus  Package proteins for storage and secretion from the cell.  Exocytosis, package particles (forms lysosomes)

15. Lysosomes  Digest worn out or unneeded cells and cell parts. Encloses the materials and bacteria in food vacuoles.

16. Specialized Structures  Organelles that are not common to all cells, therefore they are not necessary for the cell to operate.

17. Microtubules  Hollow tubes that give support and strength

18. Centrosome  The centrosome, also called the "microtubule organizing center", is an area in the cell where microtubles are produced.

19. Cilia  Hair-like microtubules attached to the plasma membrane that often help in movement

20. Flagella  A tail like structure used for movement

21. Microvilli  Extension/folding of membrane to help increase surface area.  small extension of the cell surface of absorptive and secretory epithelial cells, such as kidney and intestinal cells.

22. Plasma Membrane  Controls what enters and leaves the cell. It contains the cell contents and protects the cell.  composed of lipids  hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward. Also called lipid bilayer.

23. AKA: cell membrane

24. Structure: Color Code  Globular proteins: have a structural role as well as a role in transporting ions in and out the cell-they are rounded and compact.

25. Receptor Proteins  Receptor Proteins: are found in the bilayer, which deal with communication, recognition proteins and transport proteins that regulate the movement of water and soluble molecules through the membrane.

26.  In order to regulate the transport of molecules, there are two types of proteins in the cell: carrier proteins and transport proteins. The two types of transport proteins are channel and carrier protein. Transport is either active or passive.

27. Hydrophobic  “Dislike Water”  Two fatty acid tails

28. Hydrophilic  “Likes Water”  Non-lipid head

29.  The lipid tails will not associate with water molecules, and this allows the cell membrane to act as a physical barrier. The phospholipid bilayer also contains cholesterol, which makes the bilayer stronger, more flexible and more permeable.

30. Carbohydrates & Lipids Are found on the outer surface of the cell and have 3 major roles: 1. important cell lubricants and adhesives 2. act as receptors for exracellular compounds 3. part of a recognition system that keeps the immune system from attacking its own tissues.

32. Functions 1.Boundary between cell fluids 2.Selectively permeable 3.Communication