1. Statistics for Projects Statistics for Managers

2. The sample frame should closely agree with the target population……. Sampling error - the difference between a numerical descriptor of the population and the corresponding descriptor of the sample. Eg childrens’ height. Undercoverage - occurs when some population units are excluded from the process of selecting the sample. Non response – occurs whenever some of the individuals who were supposed to be included in the sample are not. Observation Error – data values recorded incorrectly Recording error – by respondent or interviewer. Response bias – slanting the question/ sensitive issues

3. Presentation of data – some examples Why is presentation important? How can you present data meaningfully?

4. A simple bar chart No of students

5. Bar Charts It is good way to show relative sizes Scalable within reason Good for comparing Good for showing changes over time or a trend.

6. Presentation of data - Histogram 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Weight (kg) 12 6 4 8 10 2 Number of bags

7. Presentation of data – Pie chart

8. Presentation of data – Cumulative Cum.freq

9. Multiple bar chart showing the alcoholic preference of the student group.

10. Component bar chart showing the married or not married status of the student group.

11. % Component bar. Source: competition commission, 2000

12. Store choice criteria, grocery shopping Source: Competition Commission, 2000.

13. Presentation of data - graph