1. GLACIERS
What Are Glaciers?
• glaciers are systems of ice originating on land through the accumulation and recrystallization of snow

2. • 3 types of glaciers
1. valley glaciers (alpine)
i. originates high on a mountain and moves downward through preexisting valleys

3. • 3 types of glaciers
1. valley glaciers (alpine)
ii. cirque glaciers are special types of valley glaciers that occupy an erosional feature that is cut into bedrock and is bowl shaped (cirque)

4. • 3 types of glaciers
2. continental glaciers
i. a slow-moving ice sheet that resembles a giant dome several thousand meters thick in the center and sloping down toward sea level on all sides

6. • 3 types of glaciers
3. piedmont glaciers
i. found at the foot of a mountain
ii. occur when valley glaciers come out of mountains and join at the foot of a mountain

7. How Do Glaciers Form?
• glaciers form in areas where winter snowfall exceeds summer melting - zone of accumulation
1. does not require year-round snowfall, only cold enough to have snow exist through the summer

8. How Do Glaciers Form?
2. the weight of accumulating snow compress lower layers into glacial ice
i.snow
ii.granular ice
iii. firn
iv. glacial ice

9. How Do Glaciers Form?
3. as the ice accumulates, it begins to flow

10. How Do Glaciers Form?
• the glacier also loses ice - zone of ablation
1. melting

11. How Do Glaciers Form?
• the glacier also loses ice - zone of ablation
2. calving
3. sublimation

12. Glacial Budgets

13. How Do Glaciers Move?
• ice flow due to:
1. basal sliding - due to base of glacier being wet

14. How Do Glaciers Move?
• ice flow due to:
2. creep (plastic flow) - due to gravity

15. How Do Glaciers Move?
• ice flow due to:
3. crevasses

16. • patterns of flow
1. valley glaciers vs. continental glaciers

17. How Do Glaciers Move Sediments?
• very different from any other type of sediment movement
1. no differentiation of size of material
i. boulders to rock flour
2. when material is deposited it is unsorted and unstratified
3. Glacial Drift: any material that is deposited by glaciers
i. till
ii. stratified drift

19. The Features of Glacier Systems
• Continental Glaciers
1. striations

20. The Features of Glacier Systems
• Continental Glaciers
2. erratics

21. The Features of Glacier Systems
• Continental Glaciers
3. drumlins

22. The Features of Glacier Systems
• Continental Glaciers
4. eskers

23. The Features of Glacier Systems
• Continental Glaciers
5. kettle lakes

24. The Features of Glacier Systems • Continental Glaciers
6. moraines
i. ground moraine
ii. terminal (or end) moriane (terminus)
iii. recessional moraine
7. outwash plain

27. • Valley Glacier: U-shaped valleys
1. aretes

28. • Valley Glacier: U-shaped valleys
2. cirque
3. horn

30. • Valley Glacier: U-shaped valleys
4. hanging valley

31. • Valley Glacier: U-shaped valleys
5. truncated spurs

32. • Valley Glacier: U-shaped valleys
6. terminus
7. moraines
i. lateral moraine
ii. medial moraine

34. Pleistocene Ice Age (3 million years ago)
• four separate glacial advances
1. Holocene Interglacial (current - 10,000)
2. Wisconsinan Glaciation (200, ,000 ya)
3. Sangamon Interglacial
4. Illinoian Glaciation(550, ,000 ya)
5. Yarmouth Interglacial
6. Kansan Glaciation (1,400, ,000)
7. Aftonian Interglacial
8. Nebraskan Glaciation (2,200,000 mya - 1,750,000 ya)

35. Why Did Ice Age Occur?
• the amount of solar energies varies and when the earth moves it gets less energy
• only need to lower temperatures by 6 F and we would be in another ice age

36. UPDATE: APRIL 1999
• Loss of Antarctic Ice Sheet
1. "It was nearly as much activity in a single year as we've seen in 10 or 15 years up to now on average"
2. "To have retreats totaling 3,000 square kilometers in a single year is clearly an escalation"
3. "Within a few years, much of the Wilkins ice shelf will likely be gone."

37. UPDATE: Nov. 2002
“The leaders of Tuvalu—a tiny island country in the Pacific Ocean midway between Hawaii and Australia—have conceded defeat in their battle with the rising sea, announcing that they will abandon their homeland.”
“During the twentieth century, sea level rose by centimeters (8-12 inches). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects a rise of up to 1 meter during this century. Sea level is rising because of the melting of glaciers and the thermal expansion of the ocean as a result of climate change.”

38. • Risks involved with sea level rise
1. Over 1/2 of the human population lives within 100 km of the sea
2. 20% of the human population lives in areas that would be "drowned" by a sea level increase of 1 m
3. Over 40 million people are currently subject to storm surge flooding
4. Predicted risks with sea level rise
i. Drowning of cities and farm lands
ii. Incursion of salt water
iii. Increased risk of damage from violent storm (hurricanes)