1. Bob Weaber, Ph.D. Division of Animal Sciences University of Missouri-Columbia weaberr@missouri.edu

2.  Why is temperament important?  Measures of temperament  Genetic and phenotypic relationships  Growth  Feed intake, feed efficiency (RFI, FCR, FE)  Meat quality  Animal health and well being ▪ Chronic stress, immune response October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary2

3.  Animal well being  Handler well being/safety  Mean age of operator increasing  Family operations  Facility construction and maintenance  Performance in correlated traits  Can we improve profitability? October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary3

4.  Chute score (subjective)  Measured on individual animal  1 (docile)-6 (very aggressive) (BIF Guidelines)  Pen score (subjective)  1-5 animals in pen  1 calm, 5 very aggressive  Exit velocity or flight speed (objective)  Chute tensometer (g force) (objective) October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary4

5. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary5 6 ft Chute Infrared Eye

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8. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary8

9.  Temperament is heritable  Chute Score (subjective)h 2 = 0.26-0.40 (Beckman et al., 2007; Weaber, 2007; Burrow and Corbet, 2000)  Pen Score h 2 = 0.15 (Weaber & Creason, 2007)  Exit Velocity (objective) ▪ Single measureh 2 = 0.35 (Weaber & Creason, 2007 ; Burrow, 2001) ▪ Avg. of >=2 measuresh 2 = 0.44-0.50 (Burrow, 2001) October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary9

10. Estimate (Std Error) EVPS EV 0.35 (0.078) 0.20 PS 0.28 (0.825) 0.15 (0.058) October 27, 2010 Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary10 *Heritability on diagonal, phenotypic correlation above, genetic correlation below

11.  Bos indicus more excitable than B. taurus (Fordyce et al., 1988; Voisinet et al. 1997)  Differences among B. taurus breeds (Gauly et al., 2002; Morris et al., 1994)  Within breed differences exist for a variety of parameters and are consistent across breeds. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary11

12.  Animals with faster flight times and higher pen score had phenotypically:  Lighter weaning weights  Less ADG during back grounding period (55 d)  Lighter placement weights at induction to feed yard  Less ADG, DMI (p < 0.10) (Weaber and Creason, 2007; Creason and Weaber, 2007) October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary12

13.  Exit Velocity (flight speed) genetically correlated with:  Feeding duration: 0.42 ± 0.26  Dry matter intake: -0.11 ± 0.26 (r p = -0.35)  Residual feed intake: -0.59 ± 0.45 (r p = 0)  Feed conversion ratio: 0.40 ± 0.26 (r p = 0) October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary13 Nkrumah et al., 2007

14. Trait Genetic Correlation w/ Flight Time Carcass Wt.0.05 Retail Yield0.11 Marbling-0.05 Shear Force-0.48 Meat Color-0.18 (Burrow, 2003)  Phenotypic correlations shown between Temperament and Production Traits: FI, BW, ADG, WBSF (Weaber et al., 2007; Curley et al., 2006; Burrow 2003)  Less desirable temperament associated with elevated stress hormones and reduced response to vaccination (Curley et al., 2006; Oliphant et al., 2006) October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary14

15. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary VariableVPVP Std. ErrorVGVG h2h2 Shear Force57.241.7011.113.700.190.06 Velocity0.230.030.090.030.390.09 Correlation (SE)Shear ForceVelocity 1 Shear Force-0.10 (0.20) Velocity 1-0.08 (0.06) Genetic CorrelationPhenotypic Correlation Taxis and Weaber, 2010 15 Animals (n=3,042); WBSF (n=2,819); EV1 (n=917); EV2 (n=976); Pedigree (n=13,418); CG (n=176)

16.  Animals with poor temperament  High exit velocity (small flight time)  High chute (or crush) scores  Typically have higher  Serum cortisol (at weaning, placement in feed lot, and during feeding period) (Fell et al. 1999; Curley et al. 2006; Oliphint et al. 2006)  Higher morbidity (Fell et al., 1999)  Lower ADG (Fell et al., 1999; Nkrumah et al., 2007; Weaber and Creason, 2007)  Temperament thought to contribute to chronic stress October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary16

17. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary17 Curley et al., 2006

18. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary18 Curley et al., 2006

19. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary19 Curley et al., 2006

20. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary20 Curley et al., 2006

21. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary21 Oliphint et al. 2006

22. October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary22 Oliphint et al. 2006

23.  Temperament  Negatively associated with: ▪ Handler and animal safety ▪ Growth (placement weights, ADG) ▪ Meat quality (WBSF, meat color) ▪ Immune function  Positively associated with: ▪ Metabolic indicators of stress ▪ Morbidity October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary23

24. Questions Thank You! October 27, 2010Session 2 - NBCEC Brown Bagger - Beef Temperament Research Summary24