1. * Environment: 2 definitions: * The circumstances or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms * The complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community

2. * Environmental Science: * The interdisciplinary study of our environment and our place in it.

3. Major Fields: Study ofSub Fields: Study of Biology: living organisms Zoology: animals Botany: plants Microbiology: microorganisms Ecology: how organisms interact with their environment & each other Earth science: the Earth’s nonliving systems & the planet as a whole Geology: Earth’s surface, interior processes, and history Paleontology: fossils & ancient life Climatology: Earth’s atmosphere & climate Hydrology: water Physics: matter & energyEngineering: science by which matter & energy are made useful to humans in structures, machines & products Chemistry: the study of chemicals & reactions Biochemistry: chemistry of living things Geochemistry: e chemistry of rocks, soil, & water Social Sciences: human populations Geography: relationship between humans & Earth’s features Anthropology: cultural, geographical, & historical aspects of mankind. Sociology: human population dynamics & statistics

4. * Timeline of Important People * Follow along & match pictures to descriptions – then will glue into notebook

5. * George Perkins Marsh: * 1864: published Man and Nature * Considered 1 st modern discussion of environmental problems * His ecological insights brought awareness to humankind's impacts on the Earth. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Marsh,_George_Perkins

6. * John Muir: * 1890: influenced congress to create Yosemite National Park * 1 st president of the Sierra Club * He has been called "The Father of our National Parks," "Wilderness Prophet," and "Citizen of the Universe.“ * http://www.sierraclub.org/JOHN_MUIR_EXHIBIT/

7. * President Theodore Roosevelt: * 1905: established U.S. Forest Service * Set up five new national parks http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar474860&st=theod orehttp://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar474860&st=theod ore+ Argued that forests should be saved “to provide homes and jobs for people”

8. * Aldo Leopold: * Wildlife ecologist in Wisconsin * 1949: wrote A Sand County Almanac – influential book about nature “We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect.”

9. * Rachel Carson: * 1962: wrote book Silent Spring - created a demand for regulation of pesticides & pollution http://www.rachelcarson.org/BooksBy.aspx

10. * Edward O. Wilson: * 1967: wrote book The Theory of Island Biogeography; became a cornerstone of conservation biology * He played a key role in the development of the new field of chemical ecology, where he studied the pheromone language of ants. * http://www.eowilson.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=43&Itemid=69

11. * Paul and Anne Ehrlich * 1968: wrote The Population Bomb, warning that Earth's resources won’t last. http://www.heinzawards.net/recipients/display/paul_anne_ehrlich

12. * James Lovelock: * Scientist & environmentalist * 1975, he came up with " The Gaia Theory”: the biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling the chemical and physical environment. http://www.ecolo.org/lovelock/lovebioen.htm

13. * Eugene & Howard Odum * 1975: developed science of ecosystem ecology * Eugene Odum wrote 1 st ecology textbook: Fundamentals of Ecology. http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprizewinners1987eug enepodumandhowardtodum.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800016978.html

14. * Lois Gibbs: * 1978, fought for families living on hazardous waste site and against chemical company * She went on to form the Citizens’ Clearinghouse for Hazardous Waste http://www.chej.org/about_lois.htm

15. * Amory Lovins: * 1982: established the Rocky Mountain Institute, which promotes sound environmental engineering procedures and wise energy use * His research includes the "hypercar," an ultra- lightweight, hybrid-electric vehicle that would save fuel and prevent pollution http://www.heinzawards.net/recipients/amory-lovins

16. Our Relationship with the Environment Over Time A. Hunter-Gatherer Era * People collected plants & hunted wild animals * Least impact on env. * DID prevent growth in grasslands, overhunted some large mammals, & spread plants to new areas Giant ground slothBison

17. B. Agricultural Revolution : started ~10,000 years ago * Agriculture: growing, breeding, & caring for plants & animals used for food, clothing, etc. * Population grew * Grasslands, forests & wetlands destroyed for farmland Our Relationship with the Environment Over Time

18. C. Industrial- Medical Revolution : started ~1700s 1. Started using fossil fuels for energy & mass production of goods 2. Inventions: light bulb, machinery, vehicles 3. Cities grew 4. Revolutions in health care (antibiotics, vaccines, water treatment)  longer lives  major population growth * 1900s: began using plastics & synthetic chemicals Our Relationship with the Environment Over Time

19. D. Globalization (Information & Technology) Revolution: 20 th century – present Technology helps us understand env. problems Rapid exchange of data & ideas BUT can homogenize Earth’s surface (make all the same) Same language Same food Same organisms – loss of diversity

21. 1. O VERUSING R ESOURCES : -Taking too much from the Earth & producing too much waste

22. 2. G ETTING E NERGY F ROM F OSSIL F UELS : * Oil, coal, & natural gas provide 80% of energy used in industrialized countries * Problem: NONRENEWABLE & cause pollution

23. 3. P OLLUTION : = any physical, chemical, or biological change that negatively affects organisms or negatively alters the environment * Includes air, water, & soil pollution * At least 1.1 billion people lack an adequate supply of safe drinking water * More than twice that don’t have modern sanitation

24. 4. G LOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE : * Human activities release carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) & other gases that trap heat in the atmosphere * Over the past 200 years, atmospheric CO 2 has increased by 35% * By 2100… global temps will probably warm 1.5 to 6  C (2.7-11  F)

25. 5. O VERPOPULATION * More people = increased use of resources = destruction of environment

26. 6. L OSS OF B IODIVERSITY : * Biodiversity: diversity of organisms (different species) * Over the past century, more than 800 species have gone extinct & at least 10,000 species are now threatened Tasmanian tiger- extinct 1936 Great Auk - extinct 1844 tree kangaroo- endangered cheetah- endangered

27. * Number species on Earth known & described is ~1.7 million * Estimated to actually be ~ 10 million * INTERESTING FACT: Insects constitute the greatest number of species (nearly 1,000), followed by plants, arachnids, fungi, mollusks, and vertebrates

28. * We depend on healthy ecosystems and many organisms for balanced nutrient cycles & energy flow. * Every species is dependent on or depended upon by at least one other species. * We use organisms for food, clothing, shelter, & medicine. * About 25% of drugs prescribed in the US are derived from plants. Almost all antibiotics are derived from chemicals found in fungi.

29. * Tropical rain forests, coral reefs, coasts, & islands have high biodiversity * ~50% world’s species live in tropical rain forests * 25 spots on Earth are “Biodiversity hotspots” = have high #s of endemic species & are threatened * Endemic = found in a limited area; risk extinction * The hotspots include places like Madagascar, the Caribbean, and tropical forests in South America, China, the Philippines, etc.

30. Lemurs of Madagascar Rock macaque of Taiwan Galapagos Tortoises Philippine Crocodile

31. * Endangered species = likely to go extinct in near future * ~10,000 animals worldwide are “endangered” * Threatened species = populations are declining Threats to Biodiversity: 1. Habitat fragmentation & destruction (Ex: Florida panther almost went extinct) 2. Pollution 3. Overharvesting & Poaching (illegal hunting) (Ex: fishing industries) 4. Invasive species (not native to a particular region; Ex: Fire ants, kudzu)

32. 1.Captive breeding: zoos, conservation groups 2. Endangered Species Act (1973) – law against hurting, trading, or destroying habitat of endangered species 3. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) – founded 1948; works to protect species & habitats worldwide 4.CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered species) – treaty pass in 1973 by 170 countries; controls trade of wildlife 5. National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries

33. * More than 1.4 billion people (1/5 of world’s population) live in extreme poverty * Income of less than $1 (U.S.) per day. * Lack access to adequate diet, housing, sanitation, clean water, medical care * Poorest people are forced to meet survival needs at cost to the environment * Eliminating poverty & protecting the environment are linked…

34. A. Developed: 1. Higher income 2. Industrial economies 3. Slow population growth 4. Stronger social support systems 5. Ex: US, Canada, Japan, Australia, countries of western Europe, etc. B. Developing: 1.Lower income 2. Agricultural economies 3. Rapid population growth 4. Weak, nonexistent support systems 5. Ex: China, India, Haiti, African countries, Central & South American Countries Use 88% of world’s resources Create 75% of world’s pollution Use fewer resources & have smaller Env. impact

35. Ecological Footprint = amount of land & ocean required to sustain one’s lifestyle (consumption & waste) Ever wonder how much “nature” your lifestyle requires? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nP1nzCqoT9g

36. **Plant-based diet requires less land and energy than a meat-based diet (animals need much more room). Meat production drives deforestation and requires high inputs of energy for processing and transportation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAybZOfCN6g

38. * Stuff can be made from renewable resources, nonrenewable resources, or both: * Renewable resources: normally replaced/ replenished by natural processes * Examples: * Trees  wood & paper * Cotton  cloth * Cows  leather

39. * Nonrenewable resources: metals, fossil fuels & other materials present in fixed amounts in our environment * Examples: * Metals – iron, aluminum, copper, etc. * Gems – rubies, diamonds, etc. * Oil  used to make gas, plastic, fake leather & rubber * To reduce your ecological footprint  use less resources overall

40. * The greater the demand for a LIMITED resource, the higher the price. * As resources are depleted, prices go up! * True costs of goods include water and air that was polluted, communities that were exposed to toxins, land that was destroyed, etc. * Cost/Benefit Analysis – Is the benefit of development and progress worth the cost of damage to the environment? Supply and Demand

41. * = Meeting needs of the present w/out compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs Sustainable Practices : Reuse items: bags, bottles, etc. Recycle & lower waste Eat organic & local food Drive less & use less electricity

42. Tragedy of the Commons ▫ 1968 Essay by Garrett Hardin * Said: Areas & resources that are “common” to all tend to be over- used, exploited, and destroyed ▫ Each user of a shared common resource (air, water, soil) thinks: ▫ “If I do not use this resource, someone else will. The little bit that I use or pollute is not enough to matter, and it’s renewable anyway” ▫ If too many think this way  shared resource is degraded &/or exhausted https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RE9PMwwaFc

43. Tragedy of the Commons Assignment 1. Read through article: Ten Real-Life Examples of Tragedy of the Commons 2. Using given white paper: Draw a T- chart (two-column table) * Left Side: Name of the 10 examples * Right Side: Facts & Phrases summarizing example  Extra Time: Unit 2 Choice Activities