1. Chapter 30 ANIMAL TISSUES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

2. A. Tissue Types Tissue = a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. Are 4 basic types of animal tissues: F Epithelial F Connective F Nervous F Muscle

3. 1. Epithelial Tissue Consists of one or more layers of tightly packed cells; deepest layer is anchored to a basement membrane. F covers body surfaces F lines hollow organs & body cavities F lacks blood vessels (avascular) F functions in protection, absorption & secretion

4. Epithelia are classified by: ] Shape of cells F squamous (flattened) F cuboidal (cube-shaped) F columnar (tall,thin) ] Number of layers F simple (single layer of cells) F stratified (more than one layer of cells) F pseudostratified (single layer of cells appearing as more than one layer)

5. Simple squamous epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium

6. Stratified squamous epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

7. 2. Connective Tissue Consists of widely spaced cells embedded in a non-living matrix. F most possess blood vessels (vascular) F functions are highly diverse Connective tissues are classified by matrix composition, types of fibers, cell specializations, and ratio of cells to matrix.

11. 3. Nervous Tissue Consists of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (support cells). Typical neuron has dendrites, cell body & axon. Neurons function to transmit signals from one part of the body to another. Cell body

12. 4. Muscle Tissue Consists of contractile cells. F provides voluntary & involuntary movements F contracts when actin & myosin filaments slide past each other Three types:

13. B. Organ Systems of Humans 1. Nervous System Detects, interprets & responds to stimuli from outside & within body. 2. Endocrine System Secretes hormones that travel in the bloodstream. Nervous & endocrine systems integrate & coordinate activities of all organ systems.

14. 3. Skeletal System Provides framework for muscles attachment; contains bone marrow; protects soft organs; stores minerals. 4. Muscular System Enables body to move; provides for heartbeat, digestion & lung function. Skeletal & muscular systems interact, enabling us to stand upright & to move.

15. 5. Respiratory System Obtains O 2 & releases CO 2. 6. Cardiovascular System Transports O 2, CO 2, nutrients, hormones & metabolic wastes. 7. Digestive System Breaks down nutrients & eliminates undigested food. These 3 systems interact to provide us with energy (ATP).

16. 8. Integumentary System Serves as a barrier; helps regulate body temperature; conserves water. 9. Urinary System Excretes metabolic wastes; maintains volume & composition of body fluids. 10. Immune System Protects body from infection, injury & cancer. These 3 systems protect the body.

17. 11. Reproductive System Enables an individual to produce gametes and the female to carry & give birth of offspring. The reproductive system is not essential to survival of an individual; however, it is vital for perpetuation of the species.

18. C. Organ System Interaction Organ systems interact to maintain homeostasis (stable internal environment). Ex. Maintenance of Body Temperature ] If temperature rises above 98.6 o C - body sweats & blood vessels below skin dilate. ] If temperature falls below 98.6 o C - body shivers & blood vessels below skin constrict.

19. Homeostasis of most biological functions is regulated by negative feedback. Mechanism by which the products of a process counteract (negate) the process.

20. Few biological functions are regulated by positive feedback. Mechanism by which the products of a process further activate the process. Value increases Value decreases Departure from normal range

21. D. The Integumentary System 1. Structure of Human Skin ] Epidermis - outermost layer; composed of stratified squamous epithelium. F most cells produce & accumulate keratin F some cells (melanocytes) produce melanin Epidermis is “glued” to underlying dermis by laminin (protein).

22. ] Dermis - innermost layer; composed of dense connective tissue. Contains: F blood vessels F nervous tissue F arrector pili muscles F various epidermal derivatives Subcutaneous layer lies beneath skin; consists of loose connective tissue & adipose.

24. 2. Specializations of the Integument ] Epidermal derivatives F Hair - produced by hair follicles embedded in dermis. F Feathers - produced by feather follicles embedded in dermis. F Nails, Claws, Hooves, Quills, Scales & Rhinoceros horns - keratinized epidermal outgrowths.

25. F Sweat glands - epidermal invaginations into the dermis; produce sweat. F Scent glands - modified sweat glands; function in communication. F Sebaceous glands - modified sweat glands; produce sebum. F Mammary glands - modified sweat glands; produce milk in mammals.

26. ] Dermal derivatives F Baleen - plates that hang from the roof of certain whale’s mouths. ] Bone & Skin specializations Protrusions created when bone pushes the integument upwards. F Beaks F Horns F Antlers