2. 1 Chapter 5 Strategies for Purchasing and Support Activities p178

3. 2 Objectives  Improving purchasing, logistics, and other support activities  Creating network organizations that extend beyond traditional limits  EDI, how it works, and how it is moving to the Internet  Internet improvements to supply chain management  Software packages for e-commerce and supply chain management p180

4. 3 Important Words 自动清算所 ACH (Automated Clearing House )  直接连接 EDI (Direct Connection EDI)  支持 EDI 业务的银行 (EDI-Capable Banks)  EDI 兼容 (EDI-Compatible)  金融增值网 FVANS (Financial VANS)  间接连接 EDI (Indirect Connection EDI)  开放式 EDI (Open EDI)  EDI 报文集 (Transaction Sets)  增值服务银行 (Value-Added Banks, VAB)  美国 EDI 标准 ASC Xl2 (Accredited Standards Committee X12)  美国国家标准协会 ANSI (American National Standards Institute)  管理、商务和运输的 EDI EDIFACT (EDI for Administration, Commerce, and Transport,) p180

5. 4 Important Words 2  知识管理 (Knowledge Management)  不可否认 (Nonrepudiation)  运营资源 (Operating Resources)  采购 (Procurement)  供应联盟 (Supply Alliances)  供应链 (Supply Chain)  供应链管理 SCM (Supply Chain Management)  一级供应商 (Tier One Suppliers)  二级供应商 (Tier Two Suppliers)  三级供应商 (Tier Three Suppliers)  交易伙伴 (Trading Partners)  维修与维护 MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Operating)  运营资源管理系统 ORMS (Operating ： Resource Management System) p180

6. 5 §5.1 Purchasing, Logistics, and Support Activities 采购 p180 1-9 p23 物流 支持活动

7. 6 §5.1.1 Purchasing Activities  Purchasing activities ( 采购活动 ) Identifying and evaluating vendors Selecting specific products Placing orders Resolving issues after receiving the ordered goods or services  Specialized Web sites ( 专业化的采购网站 ) exist that offer high levels of product knowledge p180

8. 7 Purchasing Activities Figure 5-1 p181 识别需求 定义需求 查看供应商目录 发出请求 查看报价，选择供应商核准 与供应商建立信用 建订单 发订单 检查有效性，确认订单安排运输 验货 实施运输 开发票 收货文档 检查收货文档 入库 处理和发送结算 入帐

9. 8 Direct vs. Indirect Materials procurement  Direct Materials procurement (use EDI)  Indirect Materials procurement (use Web)  MRO ( 维修与维护产品 ) Maintenance, Repair, and Operating W.W.Grainger 公司 Milacron 公司 p182

10. 9 §5.1.2 Logistic Activities  物流活动  Providing the right goods in the right quantities in the right place at the right time  Managing the inbound movements of materials and supplies and the outbound movements of finished goods and services p184

11. 10 §5.1.3 Support Activities  支持活动  Includes the general categories of  Finance and administration （财务管理） Making payments, processing customer payments, budgeting and planning  Human resources （人力资源） Hiring, training, evaluating employees, benefits administration  Technology development （技术开发） Networking, published research, connecting outside sources of R&D services p184

12. 11 §5.2 Network Model of Economic Organization  组织的三种形式：市场、等级制和网络； p187 286

13. 12 §5.3 Electronic Data Interchange  The computer-to-computer transfer of business information between two businesses that uses a standard format  Trading partners ( 交易伙伴 ) : The two business that are exchanging information.  EDI-compatible ( EDI 兼容的 ) Firms that exchange data in specific standard formats. p188

14. 13 Electronic Data Interchange  paper invoices; ( 发票 )  purchase orders; ( 订购单 )  requests for quotations; ( 报价请求 )  Bills of lading ( 发货单 )  Receiving reports ( 收货通知 )  Five types of forms accounts for over 75% of all information. p188

15. 14 §5.3.1 Early Business Information Interchange Effort  In the 1950s, companies began to use computers to store and process internal data and information  By the 1960s, companies began exchanging transaction information with each other on punched cards or magnetic tape  Eventually, trading partners transferred data over telephone lines instead of shipping punched cards or tapes to each other p188

16. 15 TDCC  行业标准  In 1968, the Transportation Data Coordination Committee (TDCC 运输数据协调委员会 ) was formed,  charged with exploring ways to reduce the paperwork burden p189

17. 16 §5.3.2 Emergence of Broader Standards  国家标准  Since 1918, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) became the coordinating body for standards in the United States p189

18. 17 ASC X12  国家标准 ( 电子元件、机械设备和其他常用产品的跨行业标准 )  In 1979, ANSI charted the Accredited Standards Committee X12 (ASC X12) ( 公认标准委员会 ) to develop EDI standards  The current ASC X12 standard includes specifications for several hundred transaction sets ( 报文集 )  the names of the formats for specific business data interchanges ( 报文集是特殊业务数据交换格式的名称 ) p189

19. 18 Commonly Used ASC X12 Transaction Sets Figure 5-4 p190 5-4

20. 19 EDIFACT  In the mid-1980s, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe built a common set of EDI standards based on the American model  In 1987, the EDI for Administration, Commerce, and Transport (EDIFACT, or UN/EDIFACT) was developed p190

21. 20 Commonly Used UN/EDIFACT Transaction Sets Figure 5-5 p191 5-5

22. 21 单证样本

23. 22 平面文件及 EDI 报文样本

24. 23 §5.3.3 How EDI Works  EDI implementation is complicated  Example: A company that needs a replacement for one of its metal cutting machines: 1. Paper-Based Purchasing Process 2. EDI Purchasing Process p192

25. 24 1. Paper-Based Purchasing Process  Paper-based purchasing process results in a paper document created at each information processing step that must be delivered to the department handling the next step  Paper-based transfers between buyer and vendor can be delivered via mail, courier, or fax p192

26. 25 The Paper-Based Purchasing Process Figure 5-6 p192 5-6

27. 26 2. EDI Purchasing Process  Mail service is replaced with the data communications of an EDI network  Flows of paper have been replaced with computers running EDI translation software p193

28. 27 The EDI Purchasing Process Figure 5-7 p194 5-7

29. 28 §5.3.4 Value Added Networks  VAN 增值网  Trading partners can implement the EDI network and EDI translation process in several ways, each using one of two basic approaches  1. Direct connection  2. Indirect connection p195

30. 29 1. Direct Connection Between Trading Partners  Requires each business in the network to operate its own on-site EDI translator computer  EDI translator computers are connected to each other using modems or dedicated leased lines  Trading partners using different protocols can make direct connection options difficult to implement p196

31. 30 2. Indirect Connection Between Trading Partners  Companies use the services of a value- added network (VAN)  The VAN provides communications equipment, software, and skills needed to receive, store, and forward electronic messages containing EDI transaction sets  The VAN often supplies the software needed to connect to its services p196

32. 31 Figure 5-8 Direct Connection EDI vs. Indirect Connection EDI through a VAN p197 5-9

33. 32 Advantages of Using a Value Added Network Users support only one communications protocol  The VAN records activity in an audit log, providing an independent record of transactions  The VAN can provide translation between different transaction sets  The VAN can perform automatic compliance checks to ensure the transaction set is in the specified EDI format p198

34. 33 Disadvantages of Using a Value Added Network  Most VANs require an enrollment fee, a monthly maintenance fee, and a transaction fee  VANs can be cumbersome and expensive for companies with trading partners using different VANs  Inter-VAN transfers do not always provide a clear audit trail p198

35. 34 §5.3.5 EDI on the Internet  Viewed as a replacement for expensive leased lines and dial-up connections  Small companies can get back in the game of selling to large customers the demanded EDI capabilities of their suppliers  Concerns about security and lack of audit logs continue to be a major roadblock p198

36. 35 1. Open Architecture of the Internet  The open architecture of the Internet allows trading partners virtually unlimited opportunities to customize their information interchanges p199

37. 36 Open Architecture of the Internet  A new ASC X12 Task Group has been charged with several broad objectives  Converting the ASC X12 EDI data elements and transaction set structures to XML, retaining one-to-one mapping  Developing XML data element names consistent with existing ASC X12 transaction sets  Meeting the needs of app-to-app and human- to-app interfaces p199

38. 37  A trading partner’s bank is called a Financial EDI (FEDI)  Many trading partners are reluctant to send FEDI transfers for large sums of money over the Internet  Companies may opt to establish an indirect connection through a VAN for the added security for FEDI transaction 2. Financial EDI p199

39. 38 3. Hybrid EDI Solutions  Utilize the Internet for only part of an EDI transaction, ones where the transactions are not considered a negotiable instrument  Bottomline Technologies PayBase package allows hybrid EDI  NetTransact provides an interface for smaller businesses connected to the Internet, but do not have EDI capability p200

40. 39 NetTransact EDI-HTML Conversion Service Figure 5-10 p201 5-10

41. 40 §5.4 Supply Chain Management  Money can be saved and product quality can be improved through active negotiations with suppliers  Supply chain management is used to establish long-term relationships (supply alliances) with a small number of very capable suppliers (tier one suppliers) p202

42. 41 B2B 的电子商务供应链网络  B2B 的电子商务模式不局限于企业内部，而是延伸 到供应商和客户，甚至延伸到供应商的供应商和客 户的客户，建立的是一种跨企业的协作，覆盖了从 产品设计、需求预测、外协和外购、制造、分销、 储运和客户服务等全过程。 p84

43. 42 §5.4.1 Value Creation in the Supply Chain  By working together, supply chain members can reduce costs and increase the value of the product or service to the ultimate customer ( 降低采购成本并提高产品价值 )  With clear communication along the supply chain, each participant can know the demands of the ultimate customer and plot a strategy to meet those demands p202

44. 43 §5.4.2 Technology in the Supply Chain  The Internet and the Web can be very effective communication enhancers  Software can allow members to review past performance, monitor current performance, and predict future production levels of products p203

45. 44 Advantages of Internet and Web Technologies in Supply Chain Management Figure 5-11 p204 5-11

46. 45 1. Increasing Efficiency in Supply Chain  Using Internet and Web to manage supply chains can yield increases in efficiency throughout the chain  increasing process speed,  reducing costs,  manufacturing flexibility  Case: Boeing DELL p204

47. 46 2. Building and Maintaining Trust in the Supply Chain  The major issue for most companies to deal with in forming supply chain alliances is developing trust.  Continual communication and information sharing are key elements in building trust. p204

48. 47 3. Ultimate Consumer Orientation  One of the main goals of supply chains management is to help each company in the chain focus on meeting the needs of the Consumer who is at the end of the supply chain. p204