1. 

2.  Just know “Indo-European” is the basis for nearly all European languages—Greek, Latin, Germanic, Sanskrit, Celtic, Slavic  6000 to 8000 BC  Pre-literate  I’ll show you more, though….

3. IE Greek All the way up to Modern Greek Germanic Western HighLow Old English Middle English Modern English Northern Scandinavian Languages Eastern Latin French Italian Spanish Sanskrit Indian, Iranian, Eastern Asian languages, etc Celtic P-Celtic (Brittonic) Welsh Cornish Breton Q-Celtic Irish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Manx Gaelic Balto-Slavic Baltic Latvian Slavic Polish Czech Russian

4.  IE: *psk  Latin:pisces o French: poisson o Italian: pesce o Spanish: pescado P = F somehow (make “p” and “f” sounds)  Germanic:??? o Old English: fisc/fisces o German:fisch o English: fish

5.  *psk—pisces—pisc = fisc/h  *ptr—pater—pat = fat(her)  *pd—ped—pod = fod (foot)  Hate screwy irregular plurals??? Blame IE  *pdes ~~~ = feet

7.  -from pages 18-21 in the textbook-

8.  This refers to the islands off the west coast of Europe known today as: o Ireland o Northern Ireland o Scotland o England o Wales o Isle of Man  The Isles have a very long and rich history, but it wasn’t really recorded until the writings of Caesar in 55 BC

9.  Caesar first encountered the Britons. o thriving society, rich in trade, agriculture, religion (druids who also served as judges and counselors) and even (oral) literature.  Also living in Britain were the Picts to the north (eventually driven to Scotland) and the Gaels to the west (Ireland)  Britons, Picts and Gaels are all considered “Celtic”

10.  The Romans came in, fresh from taking over the continent, and brought with them a new level of civilization o Cities o Paved roads o Written works o Christianity  The Britons came to depend on their more urban life and relied upon the Romans for protection, but…  The Romans left in the early 400s to go protect Rome from attack, as the Empire was falling

11.  Came from what we know as northern Germany and Denmark in the 400s (449), many years after the Romans abandoned Great Britain http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/schools/primaryhistory/images/anglo_saxons/who_were_the_anglo-saxons/anglo-saxon_map.jpg

12.  The middle ages generally represent the period between: o 449 (When the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes took over the British Isles) and o 1485 (when modern English had basically taken over)  The Anglo-Saxon period represent the period between: o 449 (When the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes took over the British Isles) and o 1066 (When William the Conqueror brought French Latin to the British Isles, creating Middle English)

13.  The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes are known by historians as the Anglo-Saxons.  The Britons eventually fled to the fringes of Britain (Wales), to the north with the Picts and Gaels (Scotland), and also into an area of Europe (France) called Brittany.  The “Anglo-Saxons” were seafaring, wandering, pagan warriors, but eventually they settled in and became more focused on agriculture and their new Christianity. o By 690 all of Britain was Christian, and monasteries were established.  They organized themselves by their clans, ruled by chieftains, and protected by warriors.  They were Illiterate people What’s the significance of that?

14.  Remember, the Britons, Gaels, and Picts had adopted Christianity from the Romans  Then the Anglo-Saxons came in and many of the Britons, Gaels, and Picts moved into the fringes of the Isles  The Anglo-Saxons eventually adopted Christianity as well.  After the fall of the Roman Empire, it was monasteries that became the intellectual centers of the Isle—places for literary and artistic activity.

15.  Looters, rapists, pillagers—they came to loot the monasteries. o Monasteries had resources, money, and therefore, power.  Eventually gained a lot of ground, esp. in north and east  Halted by Alfred the Great who forced them to accept Christianity in the late 800s o On the Isle of Man, there is evidence that the Vikings more or less adapted, becoming Christian much earlier  After a lot of back-and-forth, William the Conqueror became king of England in 1066 in the last successful invasion  1066 marks the end of the Anglo-Saxon period.