1. NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN VACCINES

2. Vaccination – is the introduction into the body of a weakened, killed or piece of a disease-causing agent to prevent disease. Immunization – is the process by which the body becomes immune to a disease. A person can become immune by getting the disease or from a vaccination. Epidemic – when more people in a particular population get a disease than typically expected. Pandemic – when a disease outbreak is global or over large areas of the world. VOCABULARY

3. Pathogen – is a disease-causing agent. It usually refers to a virus, bacteria, fungi or protozoan parasite. Virus – is a small, infectious agent that only can replicate inside the cells of a living organism. Bacteria – are a large group of microorganisms. While some bacterial cause disease, the majority are harmless, and many are essential to life. Antigens – substances that cause the body to produce antibodies. Antibodies – special proteins produced by the body to attack foreign invaders such as pathogens. VOCABULARY

4. When an infectious disease breaks out worldwide Smallpox, Bubonic plague, “Spanish Flu” Influenza pandemics high risk – can spread among animals as well as people – Many rapidly changing strains Key weapons is vaccination PANDEMIC

5. Main goal is to prevent disease NC requires vaccination against 10 different diseases by the time children start school CDC recommends vaccination against 5 more THE GOAL OF VACCINES Lowering disease in a population protects those who are too young, allergic to vaccine ingredients or those who have weakened immune system.

6. Our immune system protects us from disease by an array of defenses. The purpose of a vaccination: to jump-start a specific immune response by introducing the person to enough of a disease to cause an immune response but not enough to cause illness. These foreign proteins are called antigens. Different types of white blood cells work to eliminate the antigens. Macrophages T cells B cells HOW VACCINATIONS WORK Once the immune system has learned to make antibodies against a particular disease it makes both T and B memory cells. The memory cells are ready to attack if that specific disease invades again. Don’t forget that disease!

7. Live but weakened disease agents Inactivated or killed disease agents Subunit vaccines Toxoid vaccines Conjugate vaccines DNA Vaccines (experimental stage) Recombinant vector vaccines (experimental stage) TYPES OF VACCINES (FDA MUST APPROVE VACCINES FOR USE IN THE UNITED STATES)

8. Although there are risks, these risks are far outweighed by the risks of the diseases they prevent For example: Less than 1 in 1,000,000 suffer from death or serious complication from measles vaccination but 1 of 1,000 people who catches measles die VACCINE FEARS: FACT OR FICTION

9. “Vaccinations lead to autism in young children.” o Myth rose after study printed in British medical journal claiming MMR. o Two large studies since show there is no connection. o Original study was found to have data fit to researchers desired conclusion. o The journal retracted the study and research lost his job and license to practice medicine. COMMON MYTH

10. o Gardasil and Cervarix- vaccines against HPV o HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the US. o Cervical cancers affects 11,000 women in the US, kills almost 4,000. Worldwide 275,000 die each year from cervical cancer, most cases would be prevented by vaccination. o Despite many studies showing no increases risk of serious adverse events from the HPV vaccination, some parents and politician continue to claim it is a dangerous vaccine. o FDA continues to monitor for safety CONTROVERSIES

11. o Earliest forms were actual inoculation- infecting a person with mild form of the disease. This method is no longer used because it is imprecise and dangerous. Eggs o Flu vaccine o Injecting fertilized chicken eggs with live but weakened strains of flu virus. The virus replicates, separated from the egg, sterilized and packaged. o Egg shortage and virus growth rate are problems with this technique. Cell Culture o Antigen is grown in vats of cells. o The cells become infected, virus replicates, antigen is purified and packaged. o Much faster than the egg process. Pharming o Virus strain grown and placed into plant cells. The plant leaves are harvested and the virus is extracted, purified and package. o Significantly faster than other methods. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

12. The need for rapid economical manufacturing techniques Refrigerated vaccines Diseases that mutate fast CHALLENGES IN VACCINE

13. POLIO MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis Hepatitis B Varicella (chicken pox) VACCINE PROJECT

14. What disease is his vaccine meant to prevent? Describe the disease this vaccine prevents: What are the symptoms: Who is most susceptible: Is the disease caused by a virus or bacteria? Who should be vaccinated? Who should not be vaccinated? How does the vaccine work? How often should a person be vaccinated? What are some possible side effects of the vaccine? What are some other interesting facts about this vaccine? POSTER PROJECT (CREATE A POSTER TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE VACCINE