1. BIOTECHNOLOGY: AN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION BY: RAY V. HERREN Chapter 2: The Historical Development of Biotechnology MOST OF THIS CONTENT IS TAKEN FROM DELMAR CENGAGE LEARNING

2. Biotechnology According to Biotechnology in the Realm of History Biotechnology Derived from biology and technology Technology which makes our life convenient and comfortable with the employment of biological resources

3. Present Biotechnology = a buzz word nowadays As time goes by and the way our way of life is heading it seems as if biotechnology has become an essential component of our life Became important in the last 2 decades Touched our lives in many if not all aspects  food, health and animal life

4. Various stages of development Developed on observations Divided into 3 stages  Ancient Biotechnology (Pre 1800)  Classical Biotechnology  Modern Biotechnology

5. PRE 1800 Ancient Biotechnology

6. Pre 1800 Most developments can be describes as discoveries or developments prior to 1800 Many were common observations about nature Initial period of  evolution of farming  development of food preservation and storage  clay jars etc. Then moved to observations of  cheese, vinegar, and yeast Finally crossbreeding  mule = male donkey and a female horse  used for transportation, carrying loads and farming

7. Beginnings of Biotechnology Transitioned to permanent settlements and learned to:  Contain/maintain plants and animals  Create more reliable food sources Biotechnology began with this transition approximately 7,000 to 12,000 years ago

8. First Biotechnology Processes Crop production genesis  Selection and storage of best plants and seeds Identified animals most adaptable to domestication With animal taming came multiple uses for not only its meat but also its parts  E.g., sinews as strings for tying tools, hooves boiled to make glue

9. Start of Society Produced enough food to be stationary Had more time to create labor-saving tools Needing fewer people to produce food  Allowed some people to specialize  Developed new technologies  Gathered and recorded knowledge  Produced specialty goods Developed into villages and cities

10. Start of Financial Systems Society’s development paved the way to plant and animal profitability by:  Producing food to eat  Gaining something of value others wanted Excess food traded to accumulate items Barter systems gave way to financial ones Money was more portable than traded items

11. History of Food Preservation Travel necessitated food preservation Cured animal stomachs used for storage  Legend of milk stored in calf’s stomach  Heat and sloshing caused coagulation  Milk turned to cheese by journey’s end Settlements prompted year-round preservation and storage methods Early method:  Fruit-juice storage

12. Basics of Bread Making Began early in civilization Found grass seeds good to eat Ground wheat seed produced flour Yeast gave volume and taste New types of breads developed Each new development involved biotechnology This weeks lab!!! Bread making

13. Start of the Science of Genetics Planted seeds from crops that produced foods that:  They desired most  Yielded largest quantity and highest quality Identified plants and animals with superior offspring Bred those with superior traits to create hybrids Much progress with new varieties in 1700s

14. Discovery of Cells Microscope invented in 1600s  Earliest biotechnology milestone Hooke examined thin slice of cork Coined term “cells” because tiny spaces looked like prison cells Research began  Many cell theories followed Opened door to cell manipulation

15. 1800 TO THE MIDDLE OF THE 20 TH CENTURY Classical Biotechnology

16. Theory of Heredity Mendel developed theory in mid-1800s Explained how traits passed to offspring Theory arose from his observations of garden peas  Differences in appearances and texture from generation to generation Led to breeding research and other laws

17. Advancements of Disease Prevention and Treatment 19 th century  Discovered germs cause diseases Louis Pasteur  Learned to prevent disease in sheep by using survivor’s blood for injections into healthy sheep  Led to many new vaccines for animals and humans

18. Discovery of Penicillin Fleming studied bacteria in 1920s Saw Penicillium inhibited bacteria growth Extracts became first antibiotic penicillin Many “miracle drugs” followed  Saved millions of human lives  Eradicated many animal diseases

19. Artificial Insemination Great boost to animal agriculture In Middle Ages, Arabs first used to breed stallions Used large scale in United States (U.S.) in 1930s Freezing technique perfected in 1950s  Allowed global semen shipping and storage  Made superior sires more available

20. Embryo Transfer From one female to another Became widespread in 1970s Superior females could produce multiple offspring Combined with artificial insemination, allowed rapid production of superior animals

21. In Vitro Process Capability of cells’ genes long known New organism made from one cell in 1950 Used in vitro process to grow plant from single cell  In vitro means “in glass”  Started plant not from seed but in petri dish with single cell

22. Gene Transfer Parents transfer genetic information to offspring  Methods were mystery until 1950s Watson and Crick published model of DNA Key to gene transfer contained in double-helix shape

23. Basics of DNA Genetic material in cell’s nucleus Alternating units of phosphoric acid and deoxyribose Form of double helix that contains number, order, and type of nucleotides Helix structure determines code transmitted from one generation to the next

24. Basics of Genetic Engineering Genetics’ knowledge applied in 1980s Genetic engineering  Transfer genes to express traits Microbes are natural “genetic engineers” Gene splicing  Transplant gene from one organism into another organism