1. Ecology SCI.9-12.B-6 - [Standard] - The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments. 1

2. SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale2

3. 3 Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids copyright cmassengale

4. 4 ALL ENERGY Begins with the SUNBegins with the SUN With PhotosynthesisWith Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight & chlorophyll  C6H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 copyright cmassengale

5. 5Photosynthesis DO NOT COPY Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose ENERGY is stored in glucose ENERGY is stored in glucose Glucose is stored as starch in plants Glucose is stored as starch in plants copyright cmassengale

6. 6 Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called PRODUCERS. copyright cmassengale

7. 7 Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves. copyright cmassengale

8. 8 Producers use cellular respiration to supply the energy they need to live. copyright cmassengale

9. 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION is the chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose.It makes energy in the form of ATP. 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 --> 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy copyright cmassengale

10. 10 The energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy. copyright cmassengale

11. 11 Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called CONSUMERS. copyright cmassengale

12. There are 4 general types of consumers: Herbivores eat only plants Carnivores eat only animals Omnivores eat plant and animals Decomposers break down decaying organisms

13. Herbivores Zebras eat grass. They are herbivores. Cows are herbivores.

14. Herbivores Hippos are herbivores. Rhinos are herbivores.

15. Carnivores Lions definitely eat meat! Not all carnivores have razor sharp teeth.

16. 16 Consumers that eat producers to get energy: Are primary consumers copyright cmassengale

17. SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale17

18. 18 A Consumer that Eats Another Consumer for Energy: Is called a secondary consumer Is called a secondary consumer May be a carnivore or a omnivore May be a carnivore or a omnivore May be a predator May be a predator May be a scavenger May be a scavenger copyright cmassengale

19. 19 A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer: Is called a tertiary consumer Is called a tertiary consumer May be a carnivore, a omnivore, predator or a scavenger May be a carnivore, a omnivore, predator or a scavenger

20. 20 Consumers that eat other dead consumers are called scavengers

21. 21 The transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers can be shown in a FOOD CHAIN.

22. A lot of the energy is lost as heat, but some energy is stored and can passed on to another consumer. **10% rule – only 10% of the energy at one level is transferred to the next level. 22

23. 23 More Food Chains

24. 24 Food Webs: Are interconnected food chains Are interconnected food chains They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

25. 25 Food Chains Show Available Energy

26. 26 Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem is the ENERGY PYRAMID

27. 27 Energy Pyramids Show Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers

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30. https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=lnAKICtJIA4 Bozeman video on energy flow https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=0ZOvqYypOuohttps://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=0ZOvqYypOuo Everglade food chain copyright cmassengale30

31. 31 How Many Chains are in this web? copyright cmassengale

32. 32 Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers: Count the Food Chains! copyright cmassengale

33. We can show what goes on with the help of a Food Web

34. What would happen if a disease killed off many of the hawks?

35. There will be nothing to eat the snakes, so their numbers will increase.

36. All the frogs get eaten

37. No frogs. More crickets

38. Most of the cattail gets eaten by the crickets

39. Now the crickets don’t have enough food so their numbers go down

40. .. and so on. Numbers of each species have an effect on the numbers of the other species in the web.

41. SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale41

42. Symbiosis Not all relationships among organisms involve food. Many organisms live together and share resources in other ways. Any close relationship between species is called symbiosis.

43. 3 Types of Symbiosis Mutualism + + Commensalism + 0 Parasitism + -

44. Mutualism Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

45. Mutualism Examples: Cowbirds and Large Animals Termites and Trichonympha Bees and Flowers

46. Cowbirds and Large Animals The cowbird benefits by eating the ticks and mites off the large animal. The large animal benefits from have the parasites removed from them. The birds can also warn them of danger.

47. Termites and Trichonympha You probably think termites eat wood; they do – in a way. Termites can’t digest cellulose, which is the main component of wood. Therefore, they get help from a protozoan called trichonympha. This protozoan lives in the gut of the termite. It breaks down the cellulose for the termite. The trichonympha gets a free meal and shelter; the termite is able to eat and receive nutrients from the wood.

48. Termite and Trichonympha

52. Trichonympha

54. Bees and Pollen Bees receive nectar from the flowers in order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they collect pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate it by dusting the pollen on the flowers stamen.

55. Commensalism Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected. A + 0 relationship

56. Commensalism Examples: Clown fish and sea anemones Shark and remora

57. Clown Fish and Sea Anemones The clown fish is immune to the stings of the sea anemones tentacles. The clown fish makes its home in the tentacles for protection. The clown fish gets shelter, but the sea anemone gets nothing.

58. Shark and Remora The remora hangs around the shark picking up any scraps it may leave. The remora gets food while the shark gets nothing.

60. Parasitism Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is harmed. A + - relationship.

61. copyright cmassengale61 There are two types of parasites: 1.Endoparasites live on the inside of the host. 2.Ectoparasites live on the outside of the host.

62. Parasitism Examples: Tapeworm and Humans Cuckoo bird and warbler Ticks

63. Tapeworm and Humans

64. Tapeworms and Humans

67. Cuckoo and Warbler

68. Cuckoo birds and warblers

69. Cuckoo and Warbler

71. Ticks

72. Tick

73. Even Athletes foot is a parasite

74. Parasitism

76. Symbiosis

77. 77 What is ecological succession?

78. SCI.9-12.B-6.3 - [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems. copyright cmassengale78

79. copyright cmassengale79 This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession. Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. At other times, changes occur gradually. There are two types: primary and secondary.

80. copyright cmassengale80 Primary Succession On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species.

81. copyright cmassengale81 The first organisms are always plants!! Autotrophs that make their own food Then small animals (bugs) come in. Then larger plants, then larger animals.

82. In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem. copyright cmassengale82

83. The first organisms to appear are lichens. copyright cmassengale83

84. Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil copyright cmassengale84

85. Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community. copyright cmassengale85

86. Secondary Succession All or part of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions that replace the ecosystem to its original condition are called secondary succession.(Think of this as a replacement community.) copyright cmassengale86

87. SCI.9-12.B-6.3 - [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems. copyright cmassengale87