1. CHAPTER 24 SOUTHERN AFRICA >

2. NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS CHAPTER 24 – SECTION 1

3. QUESTIONS  What are the main landforms and rivers of southern Africa?  What climates, biomes, and natural resources are found in the region?

4. COUNTRIES  Southern Africa includes the countries of  Angola – Luanda  Zambia – Lusaka  Malawi – Lilongwe  Mozambique – Maputo  Zimbabwe – Harare  Botswana – Gaborone  Namibia – Windhoek  Swaziland - Mbabane  Madagascar – Antananarivo  Comoros – Moroni  Seychelles – Victoria  Mauritius – Port Louis

5. LANDFORMS  __________________________________________  Inland a high plateau reaches higher than 4,000 feet above sea level on which most of the region lies.  Between the plain and the plateau is an escarpment – a steep face at the edge of a plateau or other raised areas.  In South Africa the Drakensberg range is part. <>

6. RIVERS  There are several major rivers in the region.  _____________________________________________  Dams on the rivers produce hydroelectricity, irrigation and economic development.  _____________________________________________  Source of hydroelectric power.  Rivers flow downward through waterfalls and rapids and sandbars making it impossible for ships to navigate the rivers.

7. CLIMATES, BIOMES, AND RESOURCES  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  Drakensberg Range cause a rain-shadow effect.  Areas east of the escarpment get more rain than the west.  Wettest area is the tropical rainforest of eastern Madagascar.

8. CLIMATES, BIOMES, AND RESOURCES  ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________  As little as.5” of rain a year.  Plants get moisture from fog and dew.  Rainfall gradually increases inland towards the Kalahari Desert.  Plant ranges from grasses to palm trees.  Animal life includes mammals.  Okavango Swamps in northern Botswana are rich in plant and animal life.

9. CLIMATES, BIOMES, AND NATURAL RESOURCES  __________________________________________ _______________________

10. NATURAL RESOURCES  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  Oil, coal, hydroelectric power, gold, platinum, diamonds, copper, iron.

11. HISTORY AND CULTURE CHAPTER 24 – SECTION 2

12. QUESTIONS  What are some important events in the history of southern Africa?  What are the region’s cultures like?

13. EARLY HISTORY  First inhabitants of southern Africa were hunter-gathers and animal herders.  Bantu-speaking peoples, ancestors of most southern Africans, moved to the region around 100 C.E.  Established several powerful kingdoms – Great Zimbabwe, Sotho, and Zulu.  ___________________________

14. THE COLONIAL PERIOD  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  Dutch, French, and Germans, called Boers, farmed the land.  They called themselves Afrikaners.  They developed a language called Afrikaans.

15. THE COLONIAL PERIOD  __________________________________________  Afrikaners, wanting to be free of British rule and moved inland.  After fierce battles with Bantu-speaking peoples, Afrikaners set up two independent republics.

16. THE COLONIAL PERIOD  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  British and Boers wanted to control mineral wealth, leading to Boer War of 1899 to 1902.  British won control of South Africa, granting it independence in 1910.

17. THE COLONIAL PERIOD  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  Portugal – Angola and Mozambique.  Germany – Namibia (later controlled by South Africa).  Britain – Bechuanaland (Botswana), Basutoland (Lesotho), Swaziland, Northern and Southern Rhodesia (Zambia and Zimbabwe).

18. INDEPENDENCE  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  Mozambique – civil war between Communist government and rebels.  Angola – Communist government and rebels.  South Africa – White Afrikaner denied black Africans political rights under apartheid.

19. ENDING APARTHEID  Apartheid made South Africa an outcast internationally.  Economic sanctions from outside countries introduced.  African National Congress and other groups pushed for changes from within.  __________________________________________ __________________________________________

20. CULTURE  __________________________________________  Sotho speakers live mainly in the interior.  Nguni speakers, including the Zulu and Xhosa people, live closer to the coast.  White populations, concentrated in South Africa, speak mostly English and Afrikaans.

21. RELIGION  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  Roman Catholicism is common in Portuguese settlements.  Dutch Reformed Church is found in South Africa.  Christian churches are blended with traditional African religions.  Islam is also practiced.

22. SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE  _________________________________________  Small rural villages have a settlement pattern.  Center of village has a pen called a kraal where cattle are kept at night.  Small houses are built around the pen.  Europeans started most of the bigger cities on the coast and the cities inland were started as mining camps.  Most southern Africans still live in small villages.

23. THE REGION TODAY CHAPTER 24 – SECTION 3

24. QUESTIONS  What are the major economic activities in southern Africa?  What are the region’s cities like?  What challenges face the people of southern Africa?

25. SOUTHERN AFRICAN ECONOMIES  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  South Africa’s market economy is sometimes considered a middle-income country.  Includes agriculture, manufacturing, and mining and its economy is larger than the other regions’ combined.  Mozambique’s traditional farming economy is one of the poorest in the world.

26. AGRICULTURE  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  Zimbabwe’s most important commercial crop is tobacco.  Angola produces coffee.  Madagascar exports vanilla.

27. BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  South Africa is a large exporter of gold.  Angola produces oil from its exclave of Cabinda which lies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  Botswana is one of the world’s largest exporter of diamonds.  Zambia’s most important export is copper.

28. BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY  ______________________________________________  Has a large informal sector that employs many of the poorest.  Tourism is a larger part of the region’s economy.

29. URBAN ENVIRONMENTS  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  Cities are filled with large buildings and are well supplied.  Johannesburg is the largest urban area in the region.  The poor live in overcrowded areas and shantytowns.  During apartheid, nonwhites lived in townships.  Soweto was the largest of the townships and was the leader in the fight against apartheid.

30. CHALLENGES  __________________________  Unhealthy diet, illness, unemployment.  __________________________  Pollution, droughts and floods.  __________________________  HIV is causing life expectancy to fall.