1. Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, and Biomes Chapters 21 and 22

2. Living Things and the Environment Section 21.1 Organisms obtain food, water, shelter, and other things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce from its environment. An environment that provides these things for an organism is it’s habitat.

3. Biotic and Abiotic Factors The living parts of a habitat are called biotic factors. The nonliving parts of the habitat are called abiotic factors.

4. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Draw the following table in your notebook: Biotic Abiotic

5. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Fungi Water Berries Oxygen SunPlants WormSoil Prairie Dog Hawk Temperature Bacteria

6. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Fungi - BioticWater - Abiotic Berries - Biotic Oxygen - Abiotic Sun - Abiotic Plants - Biotic Worm - BioticSoil - Abiotic Prairie Dog - Biotic Hawk - Biotic Temperature - Abiotic Bacteria - Biotic

7. Do Now Look at your abiotic/biotic list from Friday. Which abiotic factors are most important for the survival of the biotic factors? WHY?

8. Levels of Organization All the members of one species living in a particular area is a population. All of the different populations that live in an area and interact make up a community. A community plus all of the abiotic factors in that habitat make an ecosystem.

9. populations not populations

10. communities

11. ecosystem

12. Levels of Organization

14. The study of how living things interact with each other and with their environment is called ecology.

15. Males = Females= Offspring = broken in half Injured = bent/red mark Jane Goodall

16. Studying Populations section 21.2 Determining Population Size 1.Direct observation (count the organisms) 2.Indirect observation (look for signs of organisms) 3.Sampling (count the organisms in a small area and make an estimate) 4.Mark and Recapture Studies (capture, mark, and release organisms, then recapture and look for marks)

17. Studying Populations Determining Population Size

18. Studying Populations section 21.2 Changes in Population Size Populations can change in size when new members join the population, or when members leave the population.

19. Changes in Population Size Births and Deaths The birth rate is the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time. The death rate is the number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time. If birth rate > death rate, population size increases. If death rate > birth rate, population size decreases.

20. Changes in Population Size Immigration and Emigration Immigration means moving into a population Emigration means leaving a population.

22. Population Density Population density is the number of individuals in an area of a specific size.

23. Limiting Factors A limiting factor is an environmental condition that causes a population to decrease. 1.Food and Water 2.Space 3.Weather The largest population that an area can support is called carrying capacity. Populations and carrying capacity

24. Mark and Recapture Counting Turtles Lab Mark and Recapture

25. Total Number Captured (second sample)Total Population (X) Number Recaptured with MarksTotal Number Marked (first sample) = The proportion of the number you capture with marks to the total number you capture should be the same as the proportion of the number you originally marked to the entire population (unknown). = Total Population (X)

26. Do Now Write your name on your turtle lab and put it in the class folder. (along with any other work you owe me) Take a worksheet from the do now basket and a hand lens and a ruler from the blue cart. The quicker you get this done, the quicker we go outside.

27. Determining Populations Size – Sampling Demonstration Area of the room ______ Area of the lens ______ _____cm ____cm _____cm

28. Determining Population Size Sketch this in your frost valley notebook: Determining the Population of Dandelion Stems in a Field Sample Area: ______ Area of Field : ______ Sample 1 ________ Sample 2 ________ Sample 3 ________ Sample 4 ________ Sample 5 ________ Sample Average____________

29. Do Now Take an article from the do now basket. Do not write on it. Silently read it at your seat. When you are done reading return it to the basket. DECIDE: what do you think is best? Direct action (hunting and trapping) Indirect Action (barriers, predators and birth control) Do Nothing (let nature take its course)

30. Carrying Capacity Animal Overpopulation: How can people help?

31. Bioaccumulation: increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain. (how a pollutant enters a food chain) Biomagnification: increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another. (how a pollutant becomes present in higher concentration at the top of food chain) DDT

32. Change in the Population of White Tailed Deer Over Time Number of Deer (in thousands) Year

33. Number of Eagles Fledged Year Number of Eagles Fledged Per Year

34. Do Now Take out your OH DEER homework, put your name on it, and put it in the class folder. Take a sheet from the do now basket and cut out the boxes… DO NOT GLUE YET

35. Interactions among Living Things Section 21.3 Remember: Because of natural selection every organism has a variety of adaptations that are suited to it’s specific living conditions. The role of an organism in it’s habitat is called its niche. (what it eats, how it gets the food, what eats it, how and when it reproduces, physical conditions it needs to survive)

36. 3 Interactions among Living Things Section 21.3 1. Competition Competition is the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources.

37. 3 Interactions among Living Things Section 21.3 2. Predation Predation is an interaction in which one organism kills another organism for food. Predators have adaptations that help them catch prey. Prey have adaptations that help them avoid being killed by predators.

39. 3 Interactions among Living Things Section 21.3 3. Symbiosis CommensalismMutualismParasitism One organism benefits while the other is not harmed. Both organisms benefit. One organism benefits and the other is harmed.

41. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Section 22.1 Each of the organisms in an ecosystem fills the role of producer, consumer, or decomposer.

42. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Section 22.1 Producers An organism that can make its own food is a producer. They are the source of all the food in an ecosystem.

43. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Section 22.1 Consumer An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms is a consumer. Consumers can be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores.

44. Carnivores Consumers

45. Herbivores Consumers

46. Omnivore Consumers

47. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Section 22.1 Decomposer An organism that breaks down waste and dead organisms and returns the raw materials to the environment is a decomposer.

48. Set up your notebook like this: Lab 65 Investigating Relationships in an Ecosystem ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________

49. Copy this data table onto the next blank page:

50. Food Chains and Food Webs A food chain is a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy. A food web consists of the many overlapping food chains in a particular ecosystem.

52. Energy Pyramid An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in the food web. The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid. As you move up the pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level below.

54. In your Frost Valley Notebook: Directions: Design a food web from the model that you just created with the string. You may use words or pictures in your design. Use arrows to represent how things are related. For example; insect  frog ; means that the insect gives energy or food to the frog. Label each thing as a producer, consumer, decomposer, or energy in your design. Label all the consumers; omnivore, carnivore, or herbivore in your design.

56. Do Now Take a paper from the do now basket and complete it. What would CMS look like without humans?

57. Changes in Communities Section 21.4 The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time is called succession.

58. Changes in Communities Section 21.4 Primary Succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist. The first species to populate an area are called the pioneer species.

59. Changes in Communities Section 21.4 Secondary Succession occurs in a place where an ecosystem currently exists.

60. Changes in Communities Section 21.4 Lichens are compound creatures, formed from the symbiotic relationship between a algae and a fungus. They grow on rocks, tree trunks and branches.

61. Changes in Communities Section 21.4 When lichens die they create a weak acid that eats away at the rock, creating a soil where mosses can grow and in time larger bushes. Lichen are pioneer plants in succession.

62. Primary or Secondary Succession? Copy the following three examples into your Frost Valley notebook, then state whether they are primary or secondary succession and HOW YOU KNOW:

63. Do Now At your seat you will find two sheets of paper with 3 boxes of fill in the blank questions. Cut out the 3 boxes. Throw out your trash. Do not glue anything yet.

64. Cycles of Matter Section 22.2

65. The Water Cycle The processes of evaporation, condensation and precipitation make up the water cycle.

66. The Water Cycle

67. Cycles of Matter Section 22.2 The Carbon and Oxygen Cycle The carbon and oxygen cycle traces the way producers, consumers, and decomposers each play a role in the linked recycling of carbon and oxygen in ecosystems.

68. The Carbon and Oxygen Cycle

69. Cycles of Matter Section 22.2 The Nitrogen Cycle In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air.

70. The Nitrogen Cycle

71. Freshwater Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems include streams, rivers ponds and lakes.

72. Streams and Rivers Water currents flow strongest in streams which flow and join together forming larger, but slower moving rivers.

73. Ponds and Lakes Ponds are smaller bodies of still water where light can often reach the bottom. Lakes are generally larger than ponds and the water temperature varies between the top and the bottom depending on the season.

74. Freshwater Ecosystems Organisms Adaptations

76. Adaptations: After reading about the organisms found in freshwater ecosystems explain what types of organisms are found in each environment, and what adaptations make them well suited for that environment.

78. Is this in my FVN?  Table of Contents  Abiotic vs. Biotic Nature walk list.  Hula Hoop Lab data table  Population of Lynx and Hares homework (two pages)  Lab 65 parts 1 and 2 (find evidence of interactions)  Toothpick Predator lab data table.  Food Web  Succession Scenarios  3 Cycle Pictures  3 complete cycle fill in the blanks  Freshwater Ecosystem Boxes  Forest and Stream Boxes  20 Questions – 1/per page (pgs 40-60)

79. Scavenger – a consumer that eats dead organisms Primary consumer – the first consumer in a food chain (eats a producer) Secondary Consumer – the second consumer in a food chain (eats a primary consumer) Climax community – a fully established (developed) ecosystem after succession.

80. Do Now Take a survivor Biomes form the do now basket. Get a netbook and log in.

81. BIOMES A biome is a group of land ecosystems with similar climates and organisms. It is mostly the climate (temperature and precipitation) that determines its biome. (That is because the types of organisms that can live in an area depends a lot on the climate.)

82. BIOMES There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists study: 1. Tundra

83. BIOMES There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists study: 2. Rainforest Temperate Rainforest Tropical Rainforest

84. BIOMES There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists study: 3. Deciduous Forest

85. BIOMES There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists study: 4.Taiga (boreal forest)

86. BIOMES There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists study: 5. Grassland (savannah)

87. BIOMES There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists study: 6. Desert

88. BIOMES There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists study: 7. Aquatic Biome Freshwater Marine

89. Survivor- Biomes! Tundra _________________________________ Rainforest ______________________________ Deciduous Forest _________________________ Taiga___________________________________ Grasslands ______________________________ Desert _________________________________ Aquatic ________________________________

90. Do Now Log into a netbook (one person per biome group). Take a sheet from the do now basket. Use the terms on the back to fill in two different word sets on the bingo boards.