1. PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

2. Waking Consciousness  Consciousness  our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3. Sleep and Dreams  Biological Rhythms  periodic physiological fluctuations  (hunger, sleep, etc)  Circadian Rhythm  the biological clock  regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

4. Sleep and Dreams  Circadian Rhythm  the biological clock  regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

5. Sleep and Dreams  Sleep  periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness  Sleep Onset  The period it takes to go from an awakened state to stage 1 sleep

6. Sleep and Dreams zStage 1 ythe beginning of the sleep cycle (around 5-10 minutes), relatively light stage of sleep. Stage 1 can be considered a transition period between wakefulness and sleep. The brain produces alpha waves. zStage 2 yStage 2 is the second stage of sleep and lasts for approximately 20 minutes. The brain begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles. Body temperature starts to decrease and heart rate begins to slow. Sleep waves are theta waves.

7. Sleep and Dreams zStage 3 yDeep, slow brain waves known as delta waves begin to emerge during stage 3 sleep. Stage 3 is a transitional period between light sleep and a very deep sleep. zStage 4 yStage 4 is sometimes referred to as delta sleep because of the slow brain waves known as delta waves that occur during this time. Stage 4 is a deep sleep that lasts for approximately 30 minutes. Sleepwalking is most likely to occur at the end of stage 4 sleep.

8. Sleep and Dreams  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep  recurring sleep stage with vivid dreams  “paradoxical sleep”  muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

9. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages  Beta Waves  Fast paced waves of an awake brain  Alpha Waves  Slowered waved of a relaxed, stage 1/ sleep onset  Theta Waves  slow waves, relaxed, sleep spindles, stage 2  Delta Waves  large, slow waves of deep sleep, stage 3/4

10. Sleep Cycle – (Pattern of sleep stages) 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

11. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages

12. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 12 34 5678 0 10 15 20 25 5 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

13. Dreams: Freud Conscious Conscious is the term used to describe your active awareness. For example, if you stub your toe on your way to answer the door, you are actively aware of the coffee table that you just ran into. You are aware of the pain shooting up from your injured toe and the words you you say. Preconscious The preconscious stores memories that you do not have a use for at the present moment but that you can retrieve in the future if needed. You are aware of these memories, but it is not an active awareness until a trigger requires you to retrieve a memory and put it to use, thus becoming conscious of it. For example, you know when your birthday is, but you aren't actively aware of that information until you need to retrieve it. It stays within your preconscious, and then when someone asks you when your birthday is, you activate that memory, bring it to your conscious, and answer the question.

14. Dreams: Freud Unconscious The unconscious stores those memories you are unaware of. Often, these memories can be brought to the surface when a person is taken into an altered state of consciousness. During hypnosis, it is believed that an individual can recall unconscious memories, such as a conversation that the individual heard but was unaware of hearing while under anesthesia in an operating room. According to Sigmund Freud. He thought that the unconscious stored all memories, thoughts, and emotions that were too troubling to allow into the conscious. He considered it a realm of secrets that held the key to unlocking an individual's true identity, desires, and personality.

15. Dreams: Freud

16. Subconscious The subconscious handles the information and mental processes needed to perform routine activities that do not require conscious thought. For instance, let's say you are writing a paper for a psychology class. While you are conscious of the words you are typing, your subconscious handles the typing itself. You have already learned how to type and that information was stored in your subconscious, so your fingers can find the appropriate keys in an automatic response to the words you want to type. Nonconscious The nonconscious part of your mind stores information that you are not aware of but is necessary for you to live out your daily life. For example, you get up every morning, carry out your daily activities, and sleep at night, and all the while your heart is beating. You are not aware of the information being mentally processed within your body to maintain that heartbeat, but you don't have to be, as your nonconscious handles that.

17. Dreams: Freud  Dreams  sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind  hallucinatory imagery  Necessary for learning and memory  Associated with limbic system and decreased activity in frontal lobe

18. Dreams: Freud  Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)  wish fulfillment  discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings  Manifest Content  remembered story line  Latent Content  underlying meaning

19. Dreams  As Information Processing  helps facilitate memories  REM Rebound  REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

20. Sleep Across the Lifespan

21. Dreams  Activation-Synthesis Theory zCircuits in the brain stem are activated during REM sleep. Once these circuits are activated, areas of the limbic system become active. The brain synthesizes and interprets this internal activity and attempts create meaning from these signals, which results in dreaming.

22. Sleep Deprivation  Effects of Sleep Loss  fatigue  impaired concentration  depressed immune system  greater vulnerability to accidents

23. Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

24. Sleep Disorders  Insomnia  persistent problems in falling or staying asleep  Symptoms: Interrupted sleep, irritability, attention problems, headaches, stomach issues  Causes: Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Medications, Diet, Health Issues

25. Sleep Disorders  Narcolepsy Narcolepsy  uncontrollable sleep attacks  Common narcolepsy symptoms include:  Cataplexy (loss of muscle control). Often, narcolepsy may cause you to have a sudden loss of muscle control while awake, usually triggered by strong emotions, such as laughing or crying.  Hallucinations. Some people with narcolepsy experience vivid, sometimes frightening, visual or auditory sensations while falling asleep or upon awakening.  Sleep paralysis. You may be unable to move or talk at the beginning or end of sleep.  Microsleep is a very brief sleep episode during which you continue to function (talk, put things away, etc.), and then awaken with no memory of the activities.  Nighttime wakefulness. If you suffer with narcolepsy, you may have periods of wakefulness at night, with hot flashes, elevated heart rate, and sometimes intense alertness.  Rapid entry into REM sleep. Narcoleptics have unique sleep cycles. You may enter the REM or dream phase of sleep right after falling asleep, whereas most people take about 90 minutes to enter REM.  Causes:  Genetics, accompanied by an environmental trigger of some sort—a virus, for example—may affect your brain chemicals and cause narcolepsy.  Scientists have discovered that people with narcolepsy are lacking in hypocretin (also called orexin), a chemical in the brain that activates arousal and regulates sleep. Narcoleptics generally do not have as many Hcrt cells (neurons that secrete hypocretin), which inhibits your ability to fully control your alertness and accounts for your tendency to fall asleep. Scie

26. Sleep Disorders  Sleep Apnea  temporary cessation of breathing  momentary re-awakenings  Causes:  Your throat muscles and tongue relax more than normal.  Your tongue and tonsils (tissue masses in the back of your mouth) are large compared with the opening into your windpipe.  You're overweight. The extra soft fat tissue can thicken the wall of the windpipe. This narrows the inside of the windpipe, which makes it harder to keep open.  The shape of your head and neck (bony structure) may cause a smaller airway size in the mouth and throat area.  The aging process limits your brain signals' ability to keep your throat muscles stiff during sleep. Thus, your airway is more likely to narrow or collapse.

27. Sleep Disorders  Sleep Walking  a sleep disorder that causes people to get up and walk while sleeping.  Episodes of sleepwalking typically occur when a person is Stage 4 sleep. The sleepwalker is unable to respond during the event and does not remember sleepwalking. In some cases, sleepwalking is associated with incoherent talking.  Causes:  Sleep deprivation  Chaotic sleep schedules  Stress  Alcohol intoxication  Drugs  Arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms)  Fever  Gastroesophageal reflux (food or liquid regurgitating from the stomach up into the food pipe)  Nighttime asthma  Nighttime seizures (convulsions)  Obstructive sleep apnea (condition in which breathing stops temporarily while sleeping)  Psychiatric disorders

28. Night Terrors and Nightmares  Night Terrors  occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4  high arousal-- appearance of being terrified  Night terrors may be caused by:  Stressful life events  Fever  Sleep deprivation  Medications that affect the brain 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sle ep sta ges Aw ake Hours of sleep REMREM

29. Hypnosis  Hypnosis  a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions exist

30. Hypnosis  Posthypnotic Amnesia  supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis  Posthypnotic Suggestion  Actions to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

31. Hypnosis  Dissociation Theory  a split in consciousness  allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others  Role Theory  tendency for people to act out the role that is expected of them

32. Hypnosis  Hidden Observer  a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

33. Dreams: Freud  Hallucinations  false sensory experiences

34. Drugs and Consciousness  Psychoactive Drug  a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood  Physical Dependence  physiological need for a drug  marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms  Psychological Dependence  a psychological need to use a drug  for example, to relieve negative emotions

35. Dependence and Addiction  Tolerance  diminishing effect with regular use  Withdrawal  discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect

36. Psychoactive Drugs  Depressants  drugs that reduce neural activity  slow body functions  alcohol, barbiturates, opiates  Barbiturates  drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

37. Psychoactive Drugs  Stimulants  drugs that excite neural activity  speed up body functions  caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine  Amphetamines  drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

38. Psychoactive Drugs  Hallucinogens  psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input  LSD

39. Psychoactive Drugs  Opiates  opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)  opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

40. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

41. Psychoactive Drugs  Ecstasy (MDMA)  synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen  both short-term and long-term health risks  LSD  lysergic acid diethylamide  a powerful hallucinogenic drug  also known as acid  THC  the major active ingredient in marijuana  triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

42. Psychoactive Drugs