1. APES pre AP Test Final Review part 2 2016

2. AP Test is broken down into the following categories: I Earth Systems and Resources (10%–15%) Thursday Morning Review –Earth Science Concepts (Geologic time scale; plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism; seasons; solar intensity and latitude) –The Atmosphere (Composition; structure; weather and climate; atmospheric circulation and the Coriolis effect; atmosphere- ocean interactions; ENSO) –Global Water Resources and Use (Freshwater/saltwater; ocean circulation; agricultural, industrial, and domestic use; surface and groundwater issues; global problems; conservation) –Soil and Soil Dynamics (Rock cycle; formation; composition; physical and chemical properties; main soil types; erosion and other soil problems; soil conservation)

3. II The Living World (10%–15%) Thursday Morning Review –Ecosystem Structure (Biological populations and communities; ecological niches; interactions among species; keystone species; species diversity and edge effects; major terrestrial and aquatic biomes) –Energy Flow (Photosynthesis and cellular respiration; food webs and trophic levels; ecological pyramids) –Ecosystem Diversity (Biodiversity; natural selection; evolution; ecosystem services) –Natural Ecosystem Change (Climate shifts; species movement; ecological succession) –Natural Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, water, conservation of matter)

4. III Population (10%–15%) Population Biology Concepts (Population ecology; carrying capacity; reproductive strategies; survivorship) Human Population Friday Morning Review

5. IV Land and Water Use (10%–15%) –Agriculture –Forestry (Tree plantations; old growth forests; forest fires; forest management; national forests) –Rangelands(Overgrazing; deforestation; desertification; rangeland management; federal rangelands) –Other Land Use –Mining (Mineral formation; extraction; global reserves; relevant laws and treaties) –Fishing (Fishing techniques; overfishing; aquaculture; relevant laws and treaties) –Global Economics (Globalization; World Bank; Tragedy of the Commons; relevant laws and treaties) Friday Morning Review

6. V. Energy Resources and Consumption (10%–15%) Energy Concepts (Energy forms; power; units; conversions; Laws of Thermodynamics) Energy Consumption Fossil Fuel Resources and Use (Formation of coal, oil, and natural gas; extraction/purification methods; world reserves and global demand; synfuels; environmental advantages/disadvantages of sources) Nuclear Energy (Nuclear fission process; nuclear fuel; electricity production; nuclear reactor types; environmental advantages/disadvantages; safety issues; radiation and human health; radioactive wastes; nuclear fusion) Hydroelectric Power (Dams; flood control; salmon; silting; other impacts) Energy Conservation (Energy efficiency; CAFE standards; hybrid electric vehicles; mass transit) Renewable Energy (Solar energy; solar electricity; hydrogen fuel cells; biomass; wind energy; small-scale hydroelectric; ocean waves and tidal energy; geothermal; environmental advantages/disadvantages) Monday Morning Review

7. VI Pollution (25%–30%) –Pollution Types –Impacts on the Environment and Human Health –Economic Impacts (Cost-benefit analysis; externalities; marginal costs; sustainability) Tuesday Morning Review

8. VII Global Change (10%–15%) –Stratospheric Ozone (Formation of stratospheric ozone; ultraviolet radiation; causes of ozone depletion; effects of ozone depletion; strategies for reducing ozone depletion; relevant laws and treaties) –Global Warming (Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect; impacts and consequences of global warming; reducing climate change; relevant laws and treaties) –Loss of Biodiversity Wednesday Morning Review

9. Look at the world map below and determine the locations of developing countries, 2 most likely spot for an inverted age pyramid, location of the most old growth forests in the US, and the 2 spots that have the least amount of coal. A B C D E F

10. Look at the world map below and determine the locations of developing countries B, C, D & E, 2 most likely spot for an inverted age pyramid B, location of the most old growth forests in the US F,and the 2 spots that have the least amount of coal C & D. A B C D E F

11. Which type of waste disposal is the most common in the U.S.?

12. Which form of municipal solid waste disposal is the most common in the U.S.? Sanitary Landfill

13. What type of waste is most common in a sanitary landfill?

14. What type of waste is most common in a sanitary landfill? paper

15. What is the water that infiltrates the landfill called?

16. The water is called leachate. Pipes at the bottom of the landfill that bring the leachate to a treatment center.

17. Name a negative externality associated with incineration.

18. Air pollution, concentration of toxic metals in the ash, waste heat, release of carbon dioxide gas which can increase the temperature of the earth, ash must be disposed of in a landfill.

19. Rank the following in terms of amount of benefit to the environment: Reduce, reuse, recycle.

20. Rank the following in terms of amount of benefit to the environment: Reduce, reuse, recycle. Reduce, reuse, recycle

21. What type of soil is used to line the bottom and sides of a sanitary landfill and cap the top of a sanitary landfill?

22. What type of soil is used to line the bottom and sides of a sanitary landfill and cap the top of a sanitary landfill? CLAY

23. Which letter represents the carrying capacity of the population? A B C D

24. Which letter represents the carrying capacity of the population? D A B C D

25. Are the deer on Walla Walla Island r selected or K selected species? A B C D

26. Are the deer on Walla Walla Island r selected or K selected species? K selected

27. Look at the demographic transition graph below. At what phase are the birth rates and death rates the highest?

28. Look at the demographic transition graph below. At what phase are the birth rates and death rates the highest? Phase I

29. Look at the demographic transition graph below. Which phases are associated with zero population growth?

30. Look at the demographic transition graph below. Which phases are associated with zero population growth? Phase I and IV

31. Look at the demographic transition graph below. Which phase marks the first significant improvement in health care?

32. Look at the demographic transition graph below. Which phase marks the first significant improvement in health care? Phase 2

33. Which of the population pyramids below indicate a rapidly expanding population?

35. Which of the population pyramids below indicate a country with zero growth?

37. How many people are in the world & what is the population of the United States?

38. How many people are in the world & what is the population of the United States? 7 billion people in the world and 300 million in the US

39. The United States makes up what percent of the world population?

40. 300 million divided by 7 billion times 100 = 4%

41. The growth rate of the United States is 0.7%. How many years will it take for the United States population to double?

42. 70 divided by 0.7 is 100 years.

43. The placement of agricultural fields often occurs on floodplains. What does this do to overall biodiversity?

44. The placement of agricultural fields often occurs on floodplains. What does this do to overall biodiversity? Decrease biodiversity.

45. Name 3 types of agricultural irrigation and which type is most efficient?

46. Name 3 types of agricultural irrigation and which type is most efficient? Hydroponics or drip is the most efficient

47. Using an aqueduct to divert fresh water to agricultural fields does what to the salinity of an estuary?

48. Using an aqueduct to divert fresh water to agricultural fields does what to the salinity of an estuary? Increases salinity

49. Considering industrial agriculture, name 3 ways that you can reduce the exposure to pesticides for farm workers and citizens living near by.

50. Considering industrial agriculture, name 3 ways that you can reduce the exposure to pesticides for farm workers and citizens living near by. IPM, GMO, switch to organic farming, switch from monoculture to planting multispecies, rotate crops, use biological controls, and control runoff.

51. An IPM is likely to include biological control for managing insect pests. What is an IPM and explain/ give examples of how biological controls work.

52. An IPM is likely to include biological control for managing insect pests. What is an IPM and explain/ give examples of how biological controls work. Integrated Pest Management to reduce the likelihood of the pesticide treadmill. Biological controls are insects like lady bugs or praying mantises that are used to kill pests on crops instead of pesticides.

53. Contour plowing is an agricultural technique designed to minimize_______

54. Contour plowing is an agricultural technique designed to minimize soil erosion.

55. Overfishing of salmon by commercial fishing boats is an example of

56. Overgrazing of public land by privately owned livestock is an example of the tragedy of the commons

57. Name 3 things that can be done to prevent the tragedy of the commons in the salmon industry.

58. Name 3 things that can be done to prevent the tragedy of the commons in the salmon industry? Improve salmon habitat with fish ladders (less dams, more tree lined banks); ITQs and aquaculture farms.

59. Name several disadvantages of salmon aquaculture.

60. Name several disadvantages of salmon aquaculture. Crowded conditions require antibiotics, produce losts of fish manure/nutrients and can lead to diseases/genetic modification of wild populations

61. Which would produce the most calories for human consumption, a 100 hectare cattle farm or a 100 hectare corn farm?

63. Which would use the most water, the production of 1 kilogram of beef or the production of 1 kilogram of wheat?

64. Which would use the most water, the production of 1 kilogram of beef or the production of 1 kilogram of wheat? Raising cattle.

65. Considering the earth’s finite supply of fresh water and farm land, what type of diet is more sustainable for an expanding world population?

66. Considering the earth’s finite supply of fresh water and farm land, what type of diet is more sustainable for an expanding world population? Vegetarian

67. What type of coal mining has the most negative effect on human miners, but has the smallest surface footprint?

68. What type of coal mining has the most negative effect on human miners, but has the smallest surface footprint? Subsurface mining

69. List the four types of coal in order of energy density from lowest to highest?

71. Which mining law requires remediation of the mined area?

72. Which mining law requires remediation of the mined area? Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

73. Name two types of timber harvesting strategies and determine which creates the most nutrient runoff into the nearby streams.

74. Name two types of timber harvesting strategies and determine which creates the most nutrient runoff into the nearby streams. Clear cut and selective. Clear cutting allows for more erosion and nutrients in the river.

75. Which type of timber harvesting would allow for the most habitat for pioneer species and which would be the most effective at preventing forest fires?

76. Which type of timber harvesting would allow for the most habitat for pioneer species and which would be the most effective at preventing forest fires? Clear cutting

77. Define mitigation.

78. Define mitigation. A project, such as planting trees, that restores an area that was ruined by construction.

79. What does an EIS require under NEPA?

80. What does an EIS require under NEPA? That projects requiring federal funds or permits outline the potential impacts of their projects and describe ways that the impacts can be minimized. Developers do not have to follow the plan that makes the least impacts.

81. The spread of invasive species or new infectious diseases like ebola, zika or West Nile virus is occurring more rapidly than in the past because of________

82. The spread of invasive species or new infectious diseases like ebola, zika or West Nile virus is occurring more rapidly than in the past because of more rapid modes of travel like airplanes.