1. EXPANDING THE SIMPLE SENTENCE WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Lesson #2 – after “flipped classroom”

2. FOLLOW THESE DIRECTIONS: 1. Write down your HW. 2. Get your literary notebook and set up a response (date and “x” on every other line.

3. Respond: What’s the difference between a phrase and a sentence? Provide an example of each in your explanation.

4. QUESTIONS FROM “FLIPPED CLASSROOM” ASSIGNMENT?

5. NOW YOU CAN IDENTIFY PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, BUT SO WHAT? DISCUSS: Why should we understand and use prepositional phrases in our writing?

6. So What? #1 Like adjectives and adverbs, prepositional phrases add meaning to the nouns and verbs in our sentences. EX: The air reeked. Don’t you want to know more? Where? Of What? Prepositional phrases answer these questions. EX: The air around his shoes reeked of stinky cheese. around his shoes modifies the noun air of stinky cheese modifies the verb reeked. The two phrases provide information that helps us to understand the sentence.

7. So What? #2 Prepositional phrases help vague sentences make more sense. EX: The workers gather a rich variety and distribute it. Workers from where? A rich variety of what ? Distribute it where? The sentence comes into focus when we add prepositional phrases that answer those questions: EX: From many sources, the workers at the Community Food Bank gather a rich variety of excess food and distribute it to soup kitchens, day-care centers, and homes for the elderly.

8. APPLICATION IN WRITING: Expand the provided simple sentences with prepositional phrases that add detail.

9. Application in Writing: Example: The cat jumped and pounced. What did the cat jump off of? What did the cat pounce on? Expanded Sentence: The cat jumped off the stove and pounced on the gerbil.

10. Practice: Application in Writing 1. Jack hid the candy bar. 2. Last night I watched a YouTube video. 3. Charlie sat. 4. The teacher spoke. 5. The spaceship landed. 6. Megan stood, raised her Super Soaker water gun, and aimed it.

11. 3 COMMA RULES When you use prepositional phrases in your writing, you need to follow three comma rules.

12. When a sentence begins with a prepositional phrase, a comma may be needed… In the stream by the meadow, birds sing. By tomorrow I will be ready for the test. Under my bed, I found a forgotten sandwich. Discuss: based on these examples, can you tell what a comma rule may be?

13. RULE #1: Use a comma after two or more introductory prepositional phrases. In the park near my house, a new playground was constructed. P M O P M O On the red carpet during the Oscars, the stars dazzled. P M M O P M O NOTE: notice that the subject and predicate of the sentence are NOT in the prepositional phrase.

14. RULE #2: Use a comma after an introductory prepositional phrase of three words or more. At the mall, there is a huge sale starting tomorrow. P M O On the very last school day, the students pleaded for more schoolwork. P M M M M O

15. RULE #3: Use a comma for clarification when adding a prepositional phrase to a sentence. From Mary, Ann received a birthday gift. P O (Should not be read “Mary Ann”)

16. Practice with comma rules: correctly punctuate the following sentences. 1. By the end of the first day of school every seventh grade student had successfully opened their locker. 2. According to the fans Allen Iverson will always be a 76er. 3. In the second half of the third period the Flyers scored the go-ahead goal! 4. In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue. 5. After a discussion of the options the committee voted on the theme of the 8 th grade dinner dance.

17. Answers: 1. By the end of the first day of school, every seventh grade student had successfully opened their locker. 2. According to the fans, Allen Iverson will always be a 76er. 3. In the second half of the third period, the Flyers scored the go-ahead goal! 4. In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue. 5. After a discussion of the options, the committee voted on the theme of the 8 th grade dinner dance.

18. CLASSWORK: 1.Go to your PCR book and find a sentence where the author demonstrates correct use of an introductory prepositional phrase following the comma rules above. 2. Copy in #1. 3. Share with peers to gather more examples for #2-4.

19. 1-12 Homework: Goal: review adjective and adverbs in preparation for tomorrow’s lesson Options: 1. Brainpop.com – 2 videos + quizzes Username: gvms Password: brainpop 2. 2 Worksheets Check answers on website. You must use a different colored ink.

20. EXPANDING THE SIMPLE SENTENCE WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Lesson #3 – after adjective and adverb review

21. Follow these directions: 1. Put your grammar homework out on your desk. 2. Write down your HW. 3. Get your literary notebook and set up a response using proper heading.

22. Respond: What are some similarities and differences between adjectives and adverbs? Expand this simple sentence with an adjective and an adverb. I read a book. Draw an arrow to the word the adjective is modifying. Draw an arrow to the word the adverb is modifying.

23. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Modifying and Moving

24. Remember: Phrase = A group of words that act as one part of speech. Prepositional Phrases act as an adjective when it modifies a noun or pronoun. Prepositional Phrases act as an adverb when it modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb Example: The girl with golden hair hates cold porridge. Explanation: This prepositional phrase is acting as an ADJECTIVE because it describes what kind of the girl. Example: During the afternoon, the toddler naps. Explanation: This prepositional phrase is acting as an ADVERB because it describes when the toddler naps.

25. REMEMBER: Adjectives answer: What kind? Which one? How many? Adverbs answer: How? When? Where? To what extent? 1. GVMS was built in the year 2000. 2. After her performance, I sang. 3. My mom is active in the PTO. 4. The boy in the orange shirt is tall like his brother. 5. The cat napped late into the afternoon. 6. I saw the kid with the hair steal it. 7. The gymnast was tired after her beam routine. 8. For many years, the King and Queen ruled their kingdom. Practice:

26. REMEMBER: Adjectives answer: What kind? Which one? How many? Adverbs answer: How? When? Where? To what extent? 1. ADVERBGVMS was built in the year 2000. 2. ADVERBAfter her performance, I sang. 3. ADVERB My mom is active in the PTO. 4. ADJECTIVE+ ADVERBThe boy in the orange shirt is tall like his brother.

27. REMEMBER: Adjectives answer: What kind? Which one? How many? Adverbs answer: How? When? Where? To what extent? ADVERB The cat napped late into the afternoon. AJECTIVE I saw the kid with the hair steal it. ADVERB The gymnast was tired after her beam routine. ADVERBFor many years, the King and Queen ruled their kingdom.

28. Prepositional Phrase Movement IMPORTANT IDEA: Some prepositional phrases can be moved in a sentence without changing the meaning. Some cannot be moved, for it will confuse readers if you misplace one. This is called a misplaced modifier. EX: The children swam for two hours after lunch in my pool. This arrangement gives the idea that the kids ate lunch in the pool. Correction to misplaced modifier: EX: After lunch, the children swam for two hours in my pool.

29. Prepositional Phrase Movement Discuss: which prepositional phrase(s) could be moved to a new location in the sentence without changing its meaning? Why? 1. Deer appeared in the forest. 2. In the cage, we saw a huge jaguar from the jungles of Brazil. 3. You can ride with us.

30. This prepositional phrase can be moved… 1. Deer appeared in the forest. In the forest, deer appeared.  Comma Rule! There are three prepositional phrases; not all can be moved… 2. In the cage, we saw a huge jaguar from the jungles of Brazil. We saw a huge jaguar from the jungles of Brazil in the cage. In the cage from the jungles of Brazil, we saw a huge jaguar. In the cage of Brazil, we saw a huge jaguar from the jungles. This prepositional phrases should not be moved… 3. You can ride with us. With us you can ride. A prepositional phrase can be moved to the beginning of a sentence, but only when it describes the predicate. Prepositional phrases can describe other prepositional phrases, but then they can’t be separated. There’s nothing grammatically wrong with this sentence except it sounds like Yoda.

31. Practice with Phrase Placement & Movement: 1. Which placement of the prepositional phrase makes the most sense? a. The book on the table is Barbara's book. b. On the table, the book is Barbara's book. c. The book is Barbara's book on the table. 2. Which placement of the prepositional phrases makes the most sense? a. The roads connected the cities through ancient Rome next to the empire. b. The roads through ancient Rome connected the cities next to the empire. c. Next to the empire through ancient Rome, the roads connected the cities. 3. Which prepositional phrase cannot be moved elsewhere, for it will change the meaning of the sentence? Circle your choice. When we took a wrong turn in the city, we were in a bad part of town.

32. Answers: 1. Which placement of the prepositional phrase makes the most sense? a. The book on the table is Barbara's book. b. On the table, the book is Barbara's book. c. The book is Barbara's book on the table. 2. Which placement of the prepositional phrases makes the most sense? a. The roads connected the cities through ancient Rome next to the empire. b. The roads through ancient Rome connected the cities next to the empire. c. Next to the empire through ancient Rome, the roads connected the cities. 3. Which prepositional phrase cannot be moved elsewhere, for it will change the meaning of the sentence? Circle your choice. When we took a wrong turn in the city, we were in a bad part of town. Explanation: a prepositional phrase can’t be moved to the beginning or end of a sentence if it’s describing the subject. Explanation: a prepositional phrase needs to near the word it’s modifying. If you pile them, they start to modify each other. Explanation: Prepositional phrases that act as adjectives make the most sense placed after the noun they modify.

33. HOMEWORK: Study for quiz tomorrow by reviewing your notes. Here’s an additional tool: 1. Brainpop.com – prepositional phrase video + quiz Username: gvms Password: brainpop

34. EXPANDING YOUR SIMPLE SENTENCE WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Applying grammar to writing – Day #4

35. 3-2-1 Classwork Assignment: 1. Return to your writing folder and select a previous piece of writing to work with. 2. Using sentences from that writing, demonstrate the following grammatical concepts: 1. Find or create three sentences that begin with introductory prepositional phrases. Are they correctly punctuated according to the comma rules? Demonstrate correct punctuation: 2. Find or create two sentences that lack detail or clarification and could benefit from an added prepositional phrase(s). Revise them. Show the before and after sentences. 3. Find or create one sentence that includes a prepositional phrase that could be moved to a new part of the sentence and the sentence would still make sense. Demonstrate the movement: OR Find or create one sentence that includes a prepositional phrase that has an incorrect placement. Demonstrate a new placement: 3. Highlight or underline ALL prepositional phrases in your revised sentences.

36. EXTENSIONS Do we have time for any of this?

37. CAUTION! Do not confuse an infinitive phrase with a prepositional phrase beginning with “to”. EX: He is eager to ask her to the dance. Infinitive Phrase or Prepositional Phrase? 1. To burp now would be rude. 2. Courtney wanted to hug him. 3. Alex raced to the school bus..

38. ANSWERS to Practice - Part 3 Determine if the underlined group of words is an infinitive phrase (IP) or a prepositional phrase (PP). 1. To get a Bachelor’s degree is her goal. IP 2. We have time to walk to the game. IP 3. We have time to walk to school. PP 4. He is eager to give James the award. IP 5. We went to Italy to see our grandparents. PP 6. We went to Italy to see our grandparents. IP

39. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES + CASE

40. You must know CASE to understand OBJECTS of the preposition. Nouns and Pronouns have three cases. 1. Subjective 2. Objective 3. Possessive Prepositional Phrases = preposition + modifiers + object (noun or pronoun) When you use a pronoun as the OBJECT of a preposition, you need to use the OBJECTIVE case.

41. Remember this? Personal Pronoun Chart NUMBER CASE subject object possessive Singular First person I me my mine Second person you your yours Third person he, she, it him, her, it his, her, hers, its Plural First person we us our ours Second person you your yours Third person they Them their theirs

42. Always use an objective pronoun as the object of a preposition… The book belongs to she.  The book belongs to her. All the gifts are for they.  All the gifts are for them. Throw the rug over it.  Throw the rug over it.

43. It get’s trickier when there are two objects of the preposition… Will you be talking to Mitchell and I? Will you be talking to Mitchell and me? The cupcakes are for she and him. The cupcakes are for her and him.

44. IN GRAMMAR-SPEAK, “COMPOUND” MEANS…? Compound Subject Compound Predicate Compound Sentence

45. Compound preposition Compound = two or more Compound preposition = two or more prepositions Commonly used compound prepositions: -according to -instead of -along with -in addition to-next to -apart from -in front of -on account of -out of -as of -in place of -because of -in spite of

46. ANSWERS to practice Cape Cod in Massachusetts gets its name from the local fish (cod) and its geography (a cape is a point of land). By the early summer, Cape Cod is full of visitors. Englishmen first sailed around Cape Cod in 1602. The island was discovered then and claimed by New York. After some years Cape Cod was given to Massachusetts. Circle every article used in the passage. How many were used? 5 How many prepositional phrases are in the paragraph? 10 In the last sentence, what pronoun could replace the current object of the preposition? it How many compound prepositions are used? 0

47. Type 1: How many prepositions can you list? about after against among around as at before between by during for from in into like of on out over through to under with without