1. Class Inheritance Victor Norman CS104

2. The Problem What is the basic problem that inheritance tries to solve? Answer: Two types (classes) may have lots of similar code. Inheritance is a way to reuse code, thus removing duplicate code.

3. Drawing Man and Woman class Man: def __init__(self, x, y): self._x = x self._y = y def draw(self): self.drawHead() self.drawBody() self.drawArms() self.drawLegs() def drawHead(self): # code for drawArms # code for drawBody def drawLegs(self): class Woman: def __init__(self, x, y): self._x = x self._y = y def draw(self): self.drawHead() self.drawBody() self.drawArms() self.drawLegs() def drawHead(self): # code for drawArms # code for drawBody def drawLegs(self):

4. Lots of duplicate code So what? Who cares? Duplicate code  – more places to make errors – more places to fix errors – inconsistent fixes – more typing – more places to add new code

5. Solution: a Person class instead of Man/Woman class Person: def __init__(self, x, y, gen): self._x = x self._y = y self._gender = gen def draw(self): self.drawHead() self.drawBody() self.drawArms() self.drawLegs() # drawHead, Body, Arms code… def drawLegs(self): if self._gender == "F": self.drawSkirtAndLegs() else: self.drawHairyLegs() def drawHairyLegs(self): def drawSkirtAndLegs(self): class Man: def __init__(self, x, y): self._x = x self._y = y def draw(self): self.drawHead() self.drawBody() self.drawArms() self.drawLegs() # drawHead, Body, Arms code… def drawLegs(self):

6. Evaluate this solution + Much less code in Person than in Man + Woman. + Only 1 class. (Less is almost always better.) − Does not scale well: Consider: adding Alien now: 3 legs, that bend backwards. def drawLegs(self): if self._gender == “F”: self.drawSkirtAndLegs() elif self._gender == “M”: self.drawHairyLegs() elif self._gender == “A”: self.drawAlienLegs() If we decide to drawHeads differently we need a big if-elif-elif again… and same for drawBody()…

7. Solution: class inheritance Keep Person, and make Man, Woman, and Alien be subclasses Person Man Woman Alien

8. Terminology Person is the superclass, or base class, or parent class. Man, Woman, Alien are subclasses, derived classes, or child classes. Subclasses inherit from or are derived from superclasses. Want all common attributes and methods/code “pushed” up the hierarchy. – e.g., Man, Woman, Alien all have x, y location: should be stored in Person superclass.

9. Person Class Code class Person: # an abstract base class. def __init__(self, x_loc, y_loc, gender): self._x = x_loc self._y = y_loc self._gender = gender def draw(self): self.drawHead() self.drawBody() self.drawArms() self.drawLegs() # def drawHead, drawBody, drawArms, etc. # NOTE: No drawLegs() code here. Only in # derived classes. Also, don’t really need # to store gender anymore.

10. Man class Man(Person): def __init__(self, x_loc, y_loc): Person.__init__(self, x_loc, y_loc, "M") def drawLegs(self): # code to draw hairy bowlegged legs wearing jeans. “A Man is-a Person” Call superclass constructor, passing in reference to self, location and gender drawLegs() implemented here – not in superclass

11. Woman, Alien from person import * # assuming Person is in person.py class Woman(Person): def __init__(self, x_loc, y_loc): Person.__init__(self, x_loc, y_loc, “F”) def drawLegs(self): # code to draw legs under a nice modest skirt. class Alien(Person): def __init__(self, x_loc, y_loc): Person.__init__(self, x_loc, y_loc, "A") def drawLegs(self): # code to draw 3 legs.

12. Using this code barack = Man(10, 20) beyonce = Woman(30, 40) e_t = Alien(50, 60) beings = [ barack, beyonce, e_t ] for be in beings: be.draw()

13. Now, you try it! We want to create a program that the user can use to draw shapes, etc. We need to model these shapes: – Circle – Square – Rectangle – Line – Triangle What is the relationship between classes? (the class hierarchy) What attributes will each class have? What methods will each class have?

14. myro.py details myro library provides move(), motors(), turnLeft(), turnRight(), setLEDs(), beep(), etc. – When you call move(), you are actually calling robot.move(): robot is a pre-defined global object. Also, provides a class definition: class Scribbler: def __init__(self): … def init(self, comport=None): … def turnLeft(self, time): … def beep(self, time, freq1, freq2=None): …

15. What we did last week We defined ScribPoint – attributes: _x, _y – getX(), getY(), setX(), setY() – Just held the coordinates. Not much fcnality. We defined goToPoint(from, to): – from and to were ScribPoint objects. – used our turnDegrees(), which called turnLeftDegrees() or turnRightDegrees(), which used globally pre-defined robot object.

16. Analysis of this solution ScribPoint has very little functionality. We had to make the robot turn east after moving to a new point. – More turns  more inconsistent results. Had to pass in to goToPoint() where the robot was.

17. Better way Wouldn’t it be loverly if – the robot could “remember” where it is and what angle it is pointing at. But, how to do this? Two options: – Have a class that “has-a” a reference to a Scribbler object and keeps track of this stuff, or, – Have a class that “is-a” Scribbler object, adding the functionality and attributes. Latter is Class Inheritance.

18. CS104Scribbler A CS104Scribbler “is-a” Scribbler. – inherits from it. from myro import * # imports Scribbler defn. class CS104Scribbler(Scribbler): def __init__(self, comport=“COM40”, x=0, y=0, angle=0): Scribbler.__init__(self, comport) # code to store x, y, angle.

19. Result We can move goToPoint(), turnDegrees(), etc., into CS104Scribbler class.  Can write this nice code: scrib = CS104Scribbler() # uses COM40 scrib.goToPoint(16, 12) scrib.goToPoint(0, 0) Nice and compact and readable. goToPoint() does not have to “turn east” after each move, because object can remember what angle it is pointing.

20. Additional Benefits We could write code to control 2 robots: scrib1 = CS104Scribbler(“COM40”) scrib2 = CS104Scribbler(“COM41”) # send different messages to robots scrib1.beep(3, 660, 770) scrib2.beep(3, 440, 487)

21. Extra Slides…

22. New class or child class? Q: If a class needs a couple attributes belonging to another class, is it better to make a child class or a completely new class? A: If it is just attributes, just make a new class. If it is attributes and a bunch of functionality, make a subclass.

23. When to subclass? Q: When would it be better to use the Parent and Child class rather than defining methods in one class? A: 1) You might need to be able to make objects of both kinds of classes. 2) You might have the Parent class well tested – so you don’t want to alter it. 3) You anticipate that you might need another child class of the parent.

24. How to see defined methods? Q: Is there a way to see all the preexisting methods for a parent class? A: Best way is to do >>> help(class) in interactive mode.