1. STORAGE AWARE ROUTING FOR CONTENT DELIVERY APPLICATIONS Shweta Jain Assistant Professor Mathematics and Computer Science York College CUNY

2. Outline Background and Motivation Protocols for Content Delivery Applications Storage Aware Protocols Some Results Current Work: End to End Transport for SAP Future Directions and Wish list

3. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION Why storage aware protocol stack?

4. Internet Evolution Number: Handful of nodes in ARPANET to billions today Application: Text based conversation to real time and stored content delivery Interface: Mainly wired to mostly wireless Mobility: Fixed to mobile (going toward highly mobile)

5. Some Statistics Mobile broadband users worldwide 1.2 billion estimated by the ITU in 2011 Growth rate 45% annually over last 4 years Mobile broadband subscriptions outnumber fixed subscriptions 2:1 Top Mobile broadband Usage (survey 2010 by Keynote/Adobe) Media and entertainment Social networking (76%), local information (73%), news (68%), music (63%), games (61%), video (56%) Travel Maps (81%), Research travel (47%)

6. Key Issues Internet has evolved Support for mobility and content are required for future Killer apps Sensors, IoT, VANET are now being promoted by utilities and services company Support for seamless communication across these networks and the wired network is a major requirement and challenge Proposal: Storage and Content awareness built into the network design Intuitions: Caching content near the consumer improves network performance Temporary storage and history based routing for interoperability between networks

7. PROTOCOLS FOR CONTENT DELIVERY APPLICATIONS Storage aware Network, Transport and Application

8. Idea: State of a connection need not be binary Route states at the network layer are: available, unavailable and in-repair Mobility triggers new route discover Sensor networks re-configure routes to avoid to energy depletion Cognitive radios transmission interrupted by primary user Congestion related delay in the network The network is still trying to keep the connection alive:

9. Idea: State of a connection need not be binary Similarly application and transport layer connection states could be: Available Repairing Unavailable

10. An App to connect the disconnected Consider a commuter in an underground train Normally no network connectivity is available Consider a train with storage capable routers Commuter turns on his tablet Starts an app The app automatically searches and connects to one of the storage routers Storage routers have cached content such as news, movies, songs, even personal files. Caches refresh in an on-demand basis at the train station. Commuter gets the illusion of being connected to the Internet!

11. Requirements: The App accepts cached content, initiates search for content The content routing feature in the network layer, finds the best proxy cache for content Uses destination routing to retrieve content along the best path The transport layer reliably retrieves the content Maintains state for extended period of time if the end-user gets disconnected

12. Extend the commuter scenario everywhere! Why not use the same architecture at home? Cable, Optical and other network providers maintain proxy cache Could be the ONT, customers’ DVR, some routers in the service provider network App searches for content proxy Perhaps finds the content in neighbor’s DVR! Transport and Network layers optimize the network performance by using “special/efficient” techniques Find the best route

13. STORAGE AWARE PROTOCOLS Work done so far… in collaboration with Prof Dipankar Raychaudhuri at WINLAB Rutgers University 13

14. Components of SAP Storage Aware Routing (STAR) Use history based routing metric Use storage to delay data delivery while the network searches for “better” paths Better {Energy efficient, most storage, fastest, higher probability of success,…} Content caching based transport End-to-end transport with ability to create and use intermediate cache Hop by Hop Transport 14

15. STAR: Storage Aware Routing Compute multiple paths to the destination using the hop count based routing metric- breadth first topology search Maintain long and short term “expected link rates” to describe the temporal/variable cost component of the routes Choose to store when the best path is Worse than usual or Downstream routers have low available storage (network layer backpressure flow control) (Future routers will have storage space for caching and temporary storage) (storage is getting cheaper by the year) Forwarding Algorithm

16. Storage Router 16

17. Applicable to all networks? Applicability: Long term cost: Time scale of variation depends upon the network type Storage space: Indicates congestion in wired, wireless, DTN (Available storage space is a measure of congestion) Storage aware routing concept for all networks Unifies and generalizes the routing scheme across networks Support for mobility Allows policy and price based store or forward Avoid expensive 3G Store if the Wi-Fi data rate is lower than usual

18. Transport layer consideration Network layer store event may lead to end-to-end transport layer timeout Out of order data delivery at the destination Storage aware routing was evaluated with a hop-by-hop transport Divide large content into smaller batches Send each batch using hop by hop reliability Exchange end-to-end acknowledgements to maintain states at source and destination --- with higher tolerance for delay Perform content caching based on popularity, pricing etc.

19. Transport Layer illustration Hop by Hop Transport Files are divided into batches Each batch is transported hop by hop Per hop transport layer reliability is implemented Files may be cached on routers Files Cached

20. Network Layer illustration Storage Aware Routing Transmit when the link is average or better than average Store upon disconnection or when the link is worse than average Weaker link detected! Store data locally

21. EVALUATION AND RESULTS Orbit testbed and NS2 simulation

22. Evaluation Topologies Testbed topologies Simulation Topologies Mesh network Access Point Topology Disconnected Network Linear Topology with varying link packet loss rate Truncated Levy Walk Mesh network connectivity graph

23. Testbed Results In mesh topology: STAR is as much as 2 times better Access point topology: Linear topology with link outage: SAP is an order of magnitude more efficient compared to current state of the art SAP also works in disconnected networks Mesh networkAccess Point Topology Disconnected Network Linear Topology with varying link packet loss rate

24. Simulation Results Levy Walk Topology: Many more files delivered with lower delay Higher throughput Mesh topology with exponential arrival rate: 30% more files delivered with delay less than 1 minute 33% higher throughput

25. Publications Shweta Jain, Sneha Gopinath, Dipankar Raychaudhuri. "STAR: STorage Aware Routing for Generalized Delay Tolerant Networks." IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks 2011 Ryoichi Shinkuma, Shweta Jain, Roy Yates. "In-network Caching Mechanisms for Intermittently Connected Mobile Users." 34th IEEE Sarnoff Symposium 2011 Sneha Gopinath, Shweta Jain, Shivesh Makharia, Dipankar Raychaudhuri,. "An Experimental Study of the Cache-and-Forward Network Architecture in Multi-hop Wireless Scenarios." 17th IEEE Workshop on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN) 2010, Best Paper Award. Shweta Jain, Ayesha Saleem, Hongbo Liu, Yanyong Zhang, Dipankar Raychaudhuri,. "Design of Link and Routing Protocols for Cache-and-Forward Networks." 32nd IEEE Sarnoff Symposium 2009 Ryochi Shinkuma, Shweta Jain, Roy Yates. "Network Caching Strategies for Intermittently Connected Mobile Users." 20th Commemorative Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Symposium (PIMRC) 2009

26. CURRENT WORK Ongoing…

27. End to End Transport Proposal Send feedback to sender or sender’s agent when data forwarding is interrupted Sender keeps the route alive by sending 1 byte packets– similar to flow control in TCP Data is stored at the last router that detected disconnection If route becomes available, transmission resumes If it takes too long…. The end host will need to retry 27

28. Practical Caching Cache personal and popular content at routers, access points, other key junctions in the network Brings content closer to the consumer Intercept and redirect requests to serve content from the cache Cross layer protocols to enable interception of requests Authentication to ensure requestor is authorized to receive content

29. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 29

30. Future Directions Tying the lose ends How much state to maintain? Where should proxies be placed? How long and how much to store? Implementation and evaluation Simulation and emulation of network and transport on various topologies Design the mobile app for testbed/proof-of-concept deployment Implementation phase—needs industry interest and support 30

31. Future Directions (Wish List) Case Studies: Deployment in underground transportation system Internet connectivity is available only at stations Routers available on the trains to cache content Goal: Improve productivity during commute Deployment in fiber to the home networks Cache on demand movies on home DVRs and/or ONT Use P2P network principles to deliver cached content between customers Goal: Reduce load on the core network, improve service to customer

32. THANK YOU Questions and Suggestions?