1. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)
THE Nineth MEETING

2. Wireless networking in general:
Wireless networks typically work by one of the configuration network topology either Ad-Hoc or Infrastructure network.

3. Topology on Network consists of
Ad-Hoc Topology
Infrastructure Topology

4. Ad-Hoc Topology
Ad hoc wireless network is a collection of nodes (or router) mobile wireless that dynamically existence without the use of existing network infrastructure or centralized administration.
Ad Hoc wireless network can also be regarded as more decentralized wireless network.
Ad-hoc network is a form of wireless communication networks are the simplest.

5. Ad-Hoc Topology (2)
In the Ad Hoc network, the router can freely perform network organization that resulting topology will change quickly and are difficult to predict. With this feature, the Ad-Hoc network experienced several challenges, among others,
Multihop
Mobility
The combination of large networks with a range of different tools
Bandwidth
Limitations of battery consumption

6. Ad-Hoc Topology (3)
Ad Hoc network also requires a routing protocol because each node requires data exchange.
In contrast to the infrastructure network, ad-hoc networks do not require a wireless LAN to connect each computer and network topology is a mesh network formed.

7. Ad-Hoc Topology (4)
Here are some of the advantages of a wireless ad-hoc network:
Ad-Hoc wireless network is very simple in its setup. Plug the wireless adapter into the laptop / computer, configure the software, and you also are able to do communication between laptop
Ad-Hoc network is cheap because you do not need a wireless access point.
Ad-Hoc network is fast. Throughput rate between the adapter twice faster than you are using a wireless access point in the infrastructure topology.

8. Infrastructure topology
Concept of infrastructure network where it is necessary to establish a wireless LAN network as a center.
Wireless LANs have the SSID (Service Set Identifier) as the name of the wireless network, with wireless LAN SSID then it can be recognized.
At the time several computers connected to the same SSID, then formed a network infrastructure.
It appears that some computers connected by a wireless LAN, here network topology formed is a star topology.

9. Infrastructure topology (2)
With an infrastructure network topology allows you to:
Connected to the wired LAN. A wireless access point lets you extend your LAN network with the ability to connect wirelessly.
Computers on a wired network and a computer with a wireless connection can communicate with each other. This had been the main strength of the infrastructure wireless topology.
Extending the range of your wireless. By putting a wireless access point between the two wireless adapters extend the range to be doubled.

10. MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) indicates a wireless network of mobile nodes that have no fixed routers.
The nodes in this network also serve as routers that are responsible for finding and dealing with the route to every node in the network.
Some characteristics of MANET are:
dynamic network configuration,
limited bandwidth
power constraints for each operation,
low overheads,
and an adaptive system able to handle packet loss.
The MANET network layer has two parts, namely the network layer and the transport layer.
In the network layer of MANET is the IP (Internet protocol) and the ad hoc routing layer uses the AODV protocol (ad hoc on demand distance vector)

11. MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK
A mobile ad hoc network is an autonomous collection of mobile devices (laptops, smart phones, sensors, etc.) that communicate with each other over wireless links and cooperate in a distributed manner in order to provide the necessary network functionality in the absence of a fixed infrastructure.
This type of network, operating as a stand-alone network or with one or multiple points of attachment to cellular networks or the Internet, paves the way for numerous new and exciting applications.
Application scenarios include, but are not limited to: emergency and rescue operations, conference or campus settings, car networks, personal networking, etc.

12. MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK

13. Characteristics Interface of MANET
Dynamic Topology: Node in MANET has a dynamic nature, which can be moved anywhere.
Autonomy: Each node in MANET role as end-user as well as a router which calculates its own route-path which will subsequently be selected.
Bandwidth limitations: Link on wireless networks tend to have low capacity when compared to a wired network.
Limitations of energy: All nodes in MANET are mobile, so it is ascertained that node uses battery power to operate. So it is necessary to optimize the design of energy.
Limitations Security: Wireless networks tend to be more vulnerable to security than wired networks.

14. Mobile Ad Hoc Network Enabling Tech.

15. Ad-Hoc network is divided into 7 Ad Hoc network types are as follows:
WANET (Wireless Ad Hoc Network)
MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network)
VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network)
SPANs (Smart Phone Ad Hoc Network)
iMANETs (Internet Based Mobile Ad Hoc Network)
Military / Tactical MANETs 
SPAN (Self Powered Ad Hoc Network).

16. WANET (Wireless Ad Hoc Network)

17. MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network)

18. VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network)

19. SPANs (Smart Phone Ad Hoc Network)

20. iMANETs (Internet Based Mobile Ad Hoc Network)

21. Military / Tactical MANETs

22. SPAN (Self Powered Ad Hoc Network)

23. Mobile ad hoc networks Standard Mobile IP needs an infrastructure
Home Agent/Foreign Agent in the fixed network
DNS, routing etc. are not designed for mobility
Sometimes there is no infrastructure!
remote areas, ad-hoc meetings, disaster areas
cost can also be an argument against an infrastructure!
Main topic: routing
no default router available
every node should be able to forward

24. Solution: Wireless ad-hoc networks
Network without infrastructure
Use components of participants for networking
Examples
Single-hop: All partners max. one hop apart
Bluetooth piconet, PDAs in a room,
gaming devices…
Multi-hop (Mesh): Cover larger distances,
circumvent obstacles
Bluetooth scatternet, TETRA police network,
car-to-car networks…

25. MANET: Mobile Ad-hoc Networking

26. Problem No. 1: Routing Highly dynamic network topology
Device mobility plus varying channel quality
Separation and merging of networks possible
Asymmetric connections possible

27. Routing in ad-hoc networks
The big topic in many research projects
Far more than 50 different proposals exist
The most simplest one: Flooding!
Flooding is a simple routing technique in computer networks where a source or node sends packets through every outgoing link.
Flooding, which is similar to broadcasting, occurs when source packets (without routing data) are transmitted to all attached network nodes.
Because flooding uses every path in the network, the shortest path is also used. The flooding algorithm is easy to implement.

28. Problems of traditional routing algorithms
Dynamic of the topology
frequent changes of connections, connection quality, participants
Limited performance of mobile systems
periodic updates of routing tables need energy without contributing to the transmission of user data, sleep modes difficult to realize
limited bandwidth of the system is reduced even more due to the exchange of routing information
links can be asymmetric, i.e., they can have a direction dependent transmission quality

29. Types of routing Flat Proactive Routing On-Demand or Reactive Routing
Link state Fish-Eye Routing, GSR, OLSR.
Table driven: Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), WRP)
On-Demand or Reactive Routing
Ad hoc On-demand Distant Vector (AODV)
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
Hybrid Schemes
Zone Routing ZRP, SHARP (proactive near, reactive long distance)
Safari (reactive near, proactive long distance)
Geographical Routing
Hierarchical: One or many levels of hierarchy
Routing with dynamic address
Dynamic Address RouTing (DART)

30. Types of routing

31. Overview of Existing Unicast Routing Techniques

32. Proactive Protocols
Proactive: maintain routing information independently of need for communication
Update messages send throughout the network periodically or when network topology changes.
Low latency, suitable for real-time traffic
Bandwidth might get wasted due to periodic updates
They maintain O(N) state per node, N = #nodes

33. On-Demand or Reactive Routing
Reactive: discover route only when you need it
Saves energy and bandwidth during inactivity
Can be bursty -> congestion during high activity
Significant delay might occur as a result of route discovery
Good for light loads, collapse in large loads

34. Hybrid Routing
Proactive for neighborhood, Reactive for far away (Zone Routing Protocol, Haas group)
Proactive for long distance, Reactive for neighborhood (Safari)
Attempts to strike balance between the two

35. Hierarchical Routing Nodes are organized in clusters
Cluster head “controls” cluster
Trade off
Overhead and confusion for leader election
Scalability: intra-cluster vs intercluster
One or Multiple levels of hierarchy

36. Geographical Routing Nodes know their geo coordinates (GPS)
Route to move packet closer to end point
Protocols DREAM, GPSR, LAR
Propagate geo info by flooding (decrease frequency for long distances)

37. DSDV (Proactive) AODV (Reactive) DSR (Reactive)
NEXT MEETING (11TH MEETING)
DSDV (Proactive)
AODV (Reactive)
DSR (Reactive)