1. Political Orders in the Making: a comparative study of emerging forms of political organisation from Libya to Northern Mali Georg Klute, Thomas Hüsken, Dida Badi & Tamas Sanyo Neglected Connectivities: Northwest Africa Cnrpah

2. Political Orders in the Making: a comparative study of emerging forms of political organisation from Libya to Northern Mali Georg Klute, Thomas Hüsken, Dida Badi & Tamas Sanyo Renegotiation of the post-colonial political order Politics beyond and beside the state Cnrpah

3. Political Orders in the Making: a comparative study of emerging forms of political organisation from Libya to Northern Mali Georg Klute, Thomas Hüsken, Dida Badi & Tamas Sanyo Theoretical concepts and fields of research: Heterarchy (historical and present) Connectivity Local actors/Locality Cnrpah

4. Political Orders in the Making: a comparative study of emerging forms of political organisation from Libya to Northern Mali Georg Klute, Thomas Hüsken, Dida Badi & Tamas Sanyo Heterarchy The concept of heterarchy points at central traits of current political (state and non-state) orders, namely the mutable as well as unstable intertwining of state and non-state orders and the plurality of competing power groups. Cnrpah

5. Political Orders in the Making: a comparative study of emerging forms of political organisation from Libya to Northern Mali Georg Klute, Thomas Hüsken, Dida Badi & Tamas Sanyo Connectivity Northwest Africa is a specific space shaped by particular forms of social, political, cultural and economic connectivity based on tribal organization, ethnic belonging, trans-local relations, formal and informal trade, rebel movements, secessionists, political Islam and transnational jihadist movements. This connectivity transgresses state borders, has a bigger historical depth than the respective postcolonial states and is in many respects more vital than these. The respective borderlands are particular zones in which transnational realities challenge state conceptions of sovereignty, territoriality and citizenship and are also the stage for specific interconnected political settings. Cnrpah

6. Political Orders in the Making: a comparative study of emerging forms of political organisation from Libya to Northern Mali Georg Klute, Thomas Hüsken, Dida Badi & Tamas Sanyo Locality, Local Actors In the crisis of the state in northwest Africa, it is the LOCAL that becomes a prior place where political order is generated. It is the space where local and regional politicians, opinion leaders and groups act as gatekeepers between the (weak) state, the vitality of the “local arena,” and the transnational sphere. Today's politicians and leaders are neither entirely local nor exclusively national, but are located at the interface of the local, the national and eventually transnational political fields. They can be leading members of the local and regional party establishment, higher ranking civil servants, chiefs and sheikhs, leading members of non-governmental organizations as well as entrepreneurs of many kinds. These actors are “producers of order” who play a major role in the renegotiation of the post-colonial order in northwest Africa. Cnrpah

7. Political Orders in the Making: a comparative study of emerging forms of political organisation from Libya to Northern Mali Georg Klute, Thomas Hüsken, Dida Badi & Tamas Sanyo What kind of new political ideas, institutions and practices do we find within heterarchical figurations? What are local or global sources, material, political as well as ideological, actors rely upon in order reproduce the respective order they aim to install? Which political models, local or global, do various actors refer to? And how do they shape their ideas and practices? How do different local actors interact with each other and what does this mean for the political order they aim to install? How does connectivity influence the making of politics? In which respect do borderland-situations contribute to these processes? How is legitimacy gained? “Moral legitimacy”, based on re-invented or modified historical traditions; “basic legitimacy of protection from violence”, legitimacy based upon notions of “just governance” that are related to patterns and ideas of modern statehood. Or legitimacies based upon Islamic models of political organizations. Cnrpah

8. Political Orders in the Making: a comparative study of emerging forms of political organisation from Libya to Northern Mali Georg Klute, Thomas Hüsken, Dida Badi & Tamas Sanyo Pro-Malians or ‘loyalists’: composed of various ethnic and political organizations, organized as 'platform'. Ganda Koy, Ganda Izo, GATIA, MAA-pro-Bamako following own agendas. Traditionalists: traditional chieftaincies and their various tribal allies. The ultimate goal: reinforcement or preservation of their respective positions. Following their 'intermediary tradition', intermediaries between the various actors in the region and between them and the central government in Bamako. Contenders: ethno- or regional-political movements composed of secular MNLA (mostly Tuareg), the ethno-religious HCUA (Tuareg), which limits its 'Islamic claim' to northern Mali, and the MAA- coordination (Malian Moors), organized in the ‘Coordination of Azawad Movements’ (CMA). Local Islamists: Ansar Din, MUJAO, al Murabitun, and the Liberation Front of Macina (central Mali). The religious-political projects of these groups partly derived from the conversion of some local networks of the Pakistani Islamic movement of Tablighi Jama'āt into jihadist Salafism. (Lecocq et al. 2013). Civilian organizations: Some civil organizations of the North attempt playing the role of intermediaries between the populace, the central government of Bamako and even foreign actors in similar ways as the 'traditional' chieftaincies do which brings them in competition to one another: Platform of the Kel Tamashek; the Northern National Coordination (COREN) as privileged interlocutors of the central government on issues related to the North; number of NGOs and grass- root organizations. Cnrpah