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General Notes on Styles and Stylistics
Lecture 1
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Questions to discuss: Problems of stylistic research.
Stylistics of language and speech. Types of stylistic research and branches of stylistics. Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines. Stylistic neutrality and stylistic coloring. Stylistic function notion.
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What is “style”? Term not much loved by linguists
Too vague Has connotations in neighbouring fields (“style” = good style, ie a value judgment) Many books/articles make reference to etymology of the word (Lat. stilus = ‘pen’), so it follows that style is mainly about written language Various definitions, some very close to things already seen (especially “register”) Two main aspects widely supposed: style is choice style is described by reference to something else
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Style (Lat. 'stylus‘) = a short stick sharp at one end and flat at the other used by the Romans for writing on wax tablets. Stylistics ( Fr. “Stylistique”) =instrument for writing.
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fields of investigation
the aesthetic function of language; 2) expressive means in language; 3) synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea;
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4) emotional colouring of language;
5) a system of special devices called stylistic devices; 6) the interrelation between language and thought; 7) the individual manner of an author in making use of language.
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Style: correspondence between thought and expression
embellishment of language technique of expression a literary genre different styles of language (functional styles)
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functional styles the belles- lettres style; 2) the publicist style;
3) the newspaper style; 4) the scientific prose style; 5) the style of official documents
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Stylistics and its Subdivisions
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SDs and Ems desirable effect;
Stylistics SDs and Ems desirable effect; b) types of text “discourse” -functional styles
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2) Literary stylistics (encoding stylistics);
Depending on the school of thought there are: 1) Linguo-stylistics; 2) Literary stylistics (encoding stylistics); 3) Decoding stylistics (of the reader);
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Linguo-stylistics studies of literary discourse from a linguistic point of view; studies the linguistic nature of the expressive means of the language, their character and functions.
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Literary stylistics (encoding st.)
the composition of a work of art various literary genres the writer's outlook
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Decoding stylistics (of the reader)
Sender - message - receiver Speaker - book - reader
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Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD)
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Expressive Means fixed in grammars and dictionaries; normalized, and are labeled as intensifiers in some dictionaries; in most cases they have corresponding neutral synonymous forms.
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Phonetical Means Pitch Melody Stress Drawling out certain syllables
Whispering A sing-song manner of speech and other ways of using the voice
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Morphological Means Historical Present “shall” (2nd and 3rd )
Cf. He shall do it (I shall make him do it) He has to do it (It is necessary for him to do it)
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Word Building Means diminutive suf. as - у (- ie), - let
e.g. dearie, streamlet an unexpected use of the author's nonce words e.g. He glasnosted his love affair with this movie star.
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Lexical expressive means
group of intensifiers - awfully, terribly, absolutely, etc. words that retain their logical meaning while being used emphatically: It was a very special evening/event/gift.
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Lexical expressive means
interjections set expressions proverbs and sayings
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Stylistic Device the ability of a verbal element to obtain extra significance, to say more in a definite context. Most stylistic devices may be regarded as aiming at the further intensification in the corresponding EM.
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Stylistic Device unlike EM, SD are patterns of the language
the interplay/interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings of words will lead to such stylistic devices as metaphor, metonymy or irony.
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