1. Using End Marks What are end marks? Periods Sentences Abbreviations Question marks Exclamation points Review A Review B

2. What are end marks? In verbal communication there are lots of ways to help make your meaning clear: the tone and pitch of your voice In writing, end marks and other punctuation can help the reader understand your meaning. the pauses in your speech your gestures and expressions

3. What are end marks? End marks—periods, question marks, and exclamation points—show where a sentence ends. I want to get plenty of rest this weekend we have a big game Do you want to get plenty of rest this weekend? I want to get plenty of rest this weekend. We have a big game. Or do you have a big game this weekend? I want to get plenty of rest. This weekend we have a big game.

4. What are end marks? End marks also indicate the purpose of a sentence. I have shoveled all the snow. Did you shovel all the snow ? I finally shoveled all that snow ! Hurry up and shovel that snow ! Please shovel the snow soon. Statement Question Request Exclamation Command [End of Section]

5. Periods The period is the most common end mark. Periods are used to end Periods are also used after most abbreviations. statements indirect questions requests and mild commands

6. Periods Sentences A statement ends with a period. Statements are declarative sentences. The blue whale is the largest animal. We are watching a TV show about whales.

7. Periods Sentences An indirect question ends with a period. I wonder who won the award. An indirect question does not use a speaker’s exact words. An indirect question is a type of statement, or declarative sentence. Who won the award ? Indirect question Direct question

8. Periods Sentences A request or a mild command ends with a period. Please clean the birds’ cage. Give them fresh food and water. Request Command Requests and commands are imperative sentences.

9. An abbreviation is a shortened version of a word or word group. Periods Abbreviations Periods are used in abbreviations of personal names titles geographical terms time

10. To abbreviate or not to abbreviate? As a general rule, only a few abbreviations are appropriate in the body of a formal paper for a general audience. Periods Abbreviations Ms. Denison is moving to 413 Montclair St. in Cambridge, Mass. Ms. Denison is moving to 413 Montclair Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

11. Periods Abbreviations Abbreviate a person’s name only if the person is known by that abbreviation. Personal names Some people are known by their initials. J. K. Rowling J. R. R. Tolkien Three initials: No spaces between the initials. Two initials: Put a space between the initials. the writer F. S. Fitzgerald the writer F. Scott Fitzgerald

12. Periods Abbreviations Abbreviate civil and military titles if used before the full name (or initials and last name). Spell out if used before the last name only. Titles Abbreviate social titles before the full name or before the last name alone. Ms. Agnello Dr. Anne Frears Gen. Douglas MacArthur Sen. Daniel K. Akaka Senator Akaka General MacArthur

13. Periods Abbreviations Titles Abbreviate titles and academic degrees that follow proper names. Marco Lopez, Jr. Jeremy Stone, M. D. Rachel Draper, Ph. D.

14. Periods Abbreviations Let me introduce Ted Evans, Jr. Have you met Ted Evans, Jr.? When a statement ends with an abbreviation, don’t add another period. But when the sentence is a question or an exclamation, do add the question mark or exclamation point.

15. Abbreviate names of states and political units only in tables, notes, and bibliographies. Spell them out in text. Periods Abbreviations Geographical terms Charlotte, NCLaredo, TX Tucson, Ariz.Santa Fe, NM They live in Charlotte, North Carolina, near the downtown area.

16. Periods Abbreviations Geographical terms You may abbreviate addresses in letters and on envelopes. Spell out every word of an address in text. Write us at 1492 Columbia Avenue, Fort Myers, Florida. 1492 Columbia Ave. Fort Myers, FL Text Envelope

17. Anno domini, Latin for “in the year of our Lord” Common Era (sometimes used in place of A.D.) Before Christ Before Common Era (sometimes used in place of B.C.) Periods Abbreviations Time Abbreviate common era designations. A. D. 1556 343 B. C. 753 B. C. E. 1453 C. E. = or = = =

18. Abbreviations of eras follow the year, except for A.D. Periods Abbreviations A. D. 61 in the sixth century A. D. When used with the name of a century, all abbreviations for eras follow the name.

19. Periods Abbreviations Time You may abbreviate names of months and days in tables, notes, and bibliographies. In text, spell out the names of months and days. The conference will begin on Friday, February 2. Fri., Feb. 2 Text Note

20. ante meridiem, Latin phrase meaning “before noon” Periods Abbreviations Time Abbreviate the designations for the two halves of the day measured by clock time. 10:45 A. M. 8:00 P. M. post meridiem, Latin phrase meaning “after noon” A.M. = P.M. =

21. When you use A.M. or P.M. with numerals, do not also use the words morning, afternoon, or evening. Periods Abbreviations The marathon begins at 6:15 A.M. in the morning. The marathon begins at 6:15 A.M. The marathon begins at 6:15 in the morning. OR

22. You may abbreviate units of measurement in tables, notes, and bibliographies. In text, spell out the names of units. Periods Abbreviations Units of measurement The recipe calls for six ounces of shredded cheese. Ingredients 6 oz shredded cheese 2 tsp pepper 1 c black beans

23. Periods Abbreviations Units of measurement Abbreviations for units of measurement are usually written without periods. Use a period with the abbreviation for inch (in.) to prevent confusing it with the word in. centimeter feet cm ounce oz ft tablespoon tbsp inch in.

24. Periods 1.The car is still in the garage 2.Carefully set the vase on the mantel 3.I wonder if Mr and Mrs Torres need help Add periods where needed in the following sentences. 4.By AD 1100, Moscow was an important city

25. Periods Add periods where needed in the following sentences. A statement, or declarative sentence, ends with a period. 1.The car is still in the garage.

26. Periods Add periods where needed in the following sentences. A request or mild command ends with a period. 2.Carefully set the vase on the mantel.

27. Periods Add periods where needed in the following sentences. Use a period after abbreviations of social titles such as Mr., Mrs., and Dr. 3.I wonder if Mr. and Mrs. Torres need help. An indirect question ends with a period.

28. Periods Add periods where needed in the following sentences. An abbreviation that designates an era has a period after each letter. 4.By A. D. 1100 Moscow was an important city. A statement, or declarative sentence, ends with a period.

29. Periods [End of Section] Add periods where needed in the following sentences. 1. Sen John Williams gave a press conference today 2.Please send me an e-mail with all the information 3.Archeologists date the artifact to around 1124 BC 4.I wonder which movie we should see 5.The curtain goes up at exactly 7:30 PM On Your Own

30. Add periods where needed in the following sentences. 1. Sen John Williams gave a press conference today. 2.Please send me an e-mail with all the information 3.Archeologists date the artifact to around 1124 BC 4.I wonder which movie we should see 5.The curtain goes up at exactly 7:30 PM 1. Sen. John Williams gave a press conference today. Periods Answers 2.Please send me an e-mail with all the information. 3.Archeologists date the artifact to around 1124 B. C. 4.I wonder which movie we should see. 5.The curtain goes up at exactly 7:30 P. M.

31. Question marks Did you get the leading role ? Questions are also called interrogative sentences. When is your first performance ? Who will be the stage manager for the play ? A direct question ends with a question mark.

32. In informal writing a polite request in question form may be followed by either a question mark or a period. Question marks Would you please return these books to the library ? Would you please return these books to the library. OR

33. Exclamation points Exclamations are also called exclamatory sentences. An exclamation ends with an exclamation point. I can’t stand that noise ! What an exciting race that was !

34. Exclamation points A strong command ends with an exclamation point. Commands and requests are imperative sentences. Watch out for that truck ! Hold the elevator !

35. An interjection can be followed by a comma instead if it expresses mild emotion.interjection Exclamation points Yikes ! That burner is hot! An interjection is often followed by an exclamation point. Hey, you’re a great dancer. Hey ! Wait for me.

36. An interjection is a word that expresses emotion. Exclamation points ahhurrahuh-ohwow ahaohwellyahoo cooloopswhewyikes heyouchwhoayippee

37. In informal writing and dialogue almost any mark of punctuation can be used after an interjection, depending on the meaning. Exclamation points “Well ? What do you think of my painting?” Gillian asked. “Wow... I don’t know what to say,” Myron stammered.

38. Question marks and exclamation points Insert question marks or exclamation points, as appropriate, in the following sentences. 1.When do you want to take your vacation 2.Wow Did you see that liftoff 3.What a downpour we had last night 4.Close that door right now

39. Question marks and exclamation points Insert question marks or exclamation points, as appropriate, in the following sentences. Use a question mark to end a direct question (or interrogative sentence). 1.When do you want to take your vacation ?

40. Question marks and exclamation points Insert question marks or exclamation points, as appropriate, in the following sentences. Use a question mark to end a direct question (or interrogative sentence). 2.Wow ! Did you see that liftoff ? Use an exclamation point after a strong interjection.

41. Question marks and exclamation points Insert question marks or exclamation points, as appropriate, in the following sentences. Use an exclamation point after an exclamation (or exclamatory sentence). 3.What a downpour we had last night !

42. Question marks and exclamation points Insert question marks or exclamation points, as appropriate, in the following sentences. Use an exclamation point to end a strong command. 4.Close that door right now !

43. Question marks and exclamation points [End of Section] Add question marks or exclamation points, as appropriate, to the following sentences. 1. Did the referee call a foul on that play 2.Oh no There’s a fire in the kitchen 3.Hey Don’t run near the pool You’ll hurt yourself 4.I almost fell in the creek Yikes 5. How many hiking trails are there in the Sandia Mountains On Your Own

44. Add question marks or exclamation points, as appropriate, to the following sentences. 1. Did the referee call a foul on that play 2.Oh no There’s a fire in the kitchen 3.Hey Don’t run near the pool You’ll hurt yourself 4.I almost fell in the creek Yikes 5. How many hiking trails are there in the Sandia Mountains 1. Did the referee call a foul on that play ? 2.Oh no ! There’s a fire in the kitchen ! 3.Hey ! Don’t run near the pool ! You’ll hurt yourself ! 4.I almost fell in the creek ! Yikes ! 5.How many hiking trails are there in the Sandia Mountains ? Answers Question marks and exclamation points

45. Review A [End of Section] In the following sentences, add or replace end marks as needed. If a sentence is already correct, write C. 1.How many years has Maria been working as an electrician. 2. Ouch Watch where you’re going? 3. Nell wondered whether the store was open yet. 4. Mr Stanton kindly gave me a reference? 5. Would you please rake the leaves now!

46. In the following sentences, add or replace end marks as needed. If a sentence is already correct, write C. 1. How many years has Maria been working as an electrician ? 2. Ouch ! Watch where you’re going ! 3. Nell wondered whether the store was open yet. 4. Mr. Stanton kindly gave me a reference. 5. Would you please rake the leaves now. or Would you please rake the leaves now ? Review A C

47. Review B [End of Section] Add end marks as needed in the following sentences. 1.I think Dr Sanchez has an opening at 8:00 AM 2.Hey Look out for that tree 3.Please let me borrow your bike 4.Who is in charge of refreshments 5.Paolo wanted to know if I had seen the play yet 6.Will Mr Joseph Wilson, Jr, be the guest speaker

48. Add end marks as needed in the following sentences. 1.I think Dr. Sanchez has an opening at 8:00 A. M. 2.Hey ! Look out for that tree ! 3.Please let me borrow your bike. 4.Who is in charge of refreshments ? 5.Paolo wanted to know if I had seen the play yet. 6.Will Mr. Joseph Wilson, Jr., be the guest speaker ? Review B

49. The End