2. Fully Automated High Throughput Ion Channel Screening July 2003 Adrian Kinkaid, PhD Head of Biology 1 BioFocus plc.

3. Essential expertise for gene to pre-clinical drug discovery Assay Development and Screening Medicinal and Synthetic Chemistry Chemoinformatics and Bioinformatics Drug Discovery with Vision

4. collaborative, target-based drug discovery programmes Target Selection Assay Development Discovery Library Access HTS Hit-to-Lead Expansion Lead Optimisation Diverse Library Synthesis Targeted Library Synthesis Library design Molecular Modelling Data Analysis Bioinformatics flexible options for customised projects Drug Discovery with Vision

5. Cambridge Science Park Cambridge Science Park Assay Development HTS Bioinformatics Chesterford Park Synthetic Chemistry Computational Chemistry Business Development UK Offices Sittingbourne Research Centre Synthetic Chemistry Computational Chemistry Headquarters and Registered Offices Total staff = 180 BioFocus’ 3 UK Science Centres

6.  Bioinformatics  Molecular biology  Expression studies  Stable cell generation  Bioinformatics  Molecular biology  Expression studies  Stable cell generation  Potency  Selectivity  Potency  Selectivity  Multiple platforms  Multiple readouts  Multiple platforms  Multiple readouts  'Big pharma' systems  Library choice  'Big pharma' systems  Library choice  Functional effects  Target-related  HERG  Cytotoxicity  Apoptosis  Cell proliferation  CYP450  Functional effects  Target-related  HERG  Cytotoxicity  Apoptosis  Cell proliferation  CYP450  Drug discovery process Assay Target HTS Hit Evaluation Lead Optimisation 45 lab-based staff BioFocus Biology Expertise

7. Ion Channels Represent 5% of Molecular Targets Proven Drugs already available on the market Relevant targets for many therapeutic areas: –Cancer- Stroke –Arthritis- Alzheimer’s Disease –Cardiovascular Disease- Cystic Fibrosis? Functional Integral Membrane protein complexes Movement of ions difficult to follow…?

8. Requirements for an Ion Channel assay High-throughput Low false-positive rate Low false-negative rate Direct measure of function Good correlation with electrophysiology Reliability Reproducibility Amenable to miniaturization Low cost hERG used as a model channel

9. Ion Channel screening technologies (used for hERG) Fluorescence-based assays Membrane potential-sensitive dyes Radioligand binding assays [ 3 H]Dofetilide Automated electrophysiology Automated two-electrode voltage clamp systems Automated whole-cell patch clamp systems Planar patch clamp techniques Rubidium efflux assays Cerenkov counting of 86 Rb + Atomic absorption spectrometry of 85 Rb +

10. Redistribution of High Medium Low Compound voltage-dependent dyes Interference FRET-based technology High Medium/High High Radioligand binding High Low Low Non-functional/ Radioactive Automated two-electrode Low/Medium High High Low efficacy voltage clamp Automated whole-cell Low/Medium High High Cell dialysis patch clamp Planar patch clamp Medium/High High High Cell dialysis Radiometric ion flux High Medium Low Radioactive Non-radiometric ion flux High Medium Low Throughput Information quality Cost Comments Summary of Ion Channel Platforms

11. Rubidium efflux assays Atomic absorption spectrometry of 85 Rb + Hollow cathode Rubidium lamp Air/acetylene flame Cerenkov counting of 86 Rb + Liquid scintillation counter (Perkin Elmer ‘Topcount’)

12. K + ATPase HERG Rb + Loading Inhibitor K + ATPase HERG K + ATPase HERG Pre-Incubation Inhibitor K + ATPase HERG K + ATPase HERG Stimulus DEPOLARISATION Rb + Flux Assay Theory Radiometric: Cerenkov counting of 86 Rb + flux Non-radiometric: atomic absorption spec. of 85 Rb + flux

13. Typical (hERG) assay protocol Cells in 96 well plates Add dilute compound and incubate Add High K + Buffer and incubate Transfer supernatant to deep well block or plate Make up to 1ml or 330ul with 0.1% CsCl Solution [Seal and Store] Read

14. Sample Processing Hollow cathode lamp source Spray chamber and nebulizer Flame Monochromator Processing electronics Data processing and instrument control Photomultiplier detector

15. Sample Processing Dissolved salt RbCl (s) = Rb + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Flame (2000 - 3000 K) solvent evaporates Rb + (aq) + Cl - (aq) = RbCl (s) Solid melt & vaporiseRbCl (s) = RbCl (g) Vapour decomposes into individual atoms RbCl (g) = Rb (g) + Cl (g) Individual atoms can absorb energy by collision or ionisation Prevent ionisation by using CsCl ionisation buffer

16. Theory of Atomic Spectroscopy Energy n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 Ground state Light Beer’s Law: Absorbance  Atom Concentration Excitation

17. Theory of Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Energy n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 Ground state Light Beer’s Law: Emission  Atom Concentration Emission

18. Pros and cons of Rubidium efflux Advantages High throughput – relative to E-Phys etc. Low cost Direct measurement of channel activity Can be performed as a non-radiometric assay Disadvantages High [K + ] o relieves HERG inactivation

19. Advantages of AAS over Radiometric Flux Health and Safety Ease of handling Cost of components Cost of disposal Environmental Impact Sensitivity No time limits to read samples once prepared Decay or Licence constraints

20. Ion Channel Screening Cells processed using appropriate automation Supernatants analysed for Ion Content –Single burner system (low throughput) –Multi burner system

21. AAS-AES Movie clip

22. IC 50 =90 nM IC 50 =102 nM Radiometric and non-radiometric flux assays are equivalent Comparison of radiometric and non-radiometric flux % Inhibition

23. hERG blocker dose-response curves E4031, Cisapride, Terfenadine, Risperidone, Astemizole, Haloperidol E4031 Risperidone Terfenadine Astemizole Haloperidol Cisapride

24. Ion Channel Screening: Screen Statistics Signal to Background –Dependent on expression levels and cell leakage –Aim for 3:1 –S:B as low as 1.3:1 has been acceptable Precision –Analytical chemistry technique: very low CVs Z’-factor –Cut-off at 0.3 (typical) –Average 0.6

25. Ion Channel Screening Cells processed using appropriate automation Supernatants analysed for Ion Content –Single burner system (low throughput) –Multi burner system

26. High Throughput Ion Channel Screening Platform: Reader platform initial design SOLAAR S AAS #1 SOLAAR S AAS #2 SOLAAR S AAS #3 SOLAAR S AAS #4 AutoSampler 2 Position #1 AutoSampler 2 Position #2 AutoSampler 2 Position #3 AutoSampler 2 Position #4 Linear Track Robotic arm 80 DWB On-line Storage Operating system e.g. Overlord Data Processing Activity Base All equipment must be “off the shelf”

27. High Throughput Ion Channel Screening Platform: Reader platform

30. Ion-Channel Screening Capabilities at BioFocus hERG Channel Screening –Established and Validated –Selectivity screen: low throughput required –100’s to 1000’s of compounds per campaign Potassium Channel Screening –n x 10 5 compound screens –Uncoupling of slow process (AAS/AES reading) from assay process –Full/partial automation of assay process –Full automation of AAS/AES readers Sodium Channels –As for Potassium Channels Chloride Channels? In theory. Proven capability of finding blockers and openers.Proven capability of finding blockers and openers. Hits validated by Electrophysiology…Hits validated by Electrophysiology…

31. AAS Results Correlate With Electrophysiology K + Channel

32. Na + Channel: Comparison of flux and patch clamp WCPC Li flux IC 50  M Good agreement between flux assay and electrophysiology

33. Ion-Channel Screening Capabilities at BioFocus hERG Channel Screening –Established and Validated –Selectivity screen: low throughput required –100’s to 1000’s of compounds per campaign Potassium Channel Screening –n x 10 5 compound screens –Uncoupling of slow process (AAS reading) from assay process –Full/partial automation of assay process –Full automation of AAS readers Sodium Channels –As for Potassium Channels Chloride Channels? In theory. Proven capability of finding blockers and openers.Proven capability of finding blockers and openers. Hits validated by ElectrophysiologyHits validated by Electrophysiology

34. Drug Discovery with Vision