1. 1 SOL Review Human Interactions from 1300-1800 A. Renaissance B. Reformation C. The Muslim World D. Asian Isolation E. European Exploration

2. 2 England France Spain Russia Ottoman Empire Persia China Mughal India Songhai Empire Aztec Empire Incan Empire Mayan Empire World History 10 Sol Review

3. 3 Renaissance Renaissance (rebirth) 1350-1600 starts in Northern Italy. Revival of classical learning (Greek and Roman).

4. 4 Renaissance The Medici family (wealthy merchants, bankers, and tradesmen) were patrons of the arts. Renaissance art was unique because it demonstrated: A. Perspective B. Realism C. Places emphasis on the individual

5. 5 Renaissance MichelangeloLeonardo da Vinci

6. 6 Renaissance Achievements in Literature: A. Niccolo de Macchiavelli wrote the Prince- whether it is better to be loved or feared? B. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet

7. 7 Renaissance Humanism: celebrated the individual and sought to balance religious faith and secular life Erasmus and Thomas Moore (Utopia)

8. 8 Renaissance Role of the Printing Press: A. Mass Production of Books B. Spread of Literacy and Ideas C. Reading in Your Native Language

9. 9 Reformation For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had little competition in religious thought and action. The resistance of the church to change led to the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther did not like the sell of indulgences which led to his split with the Catholic Church.

10. 10 Reformation Luther’s 95 Theses argued for: A. Salvation by faith alone B. Scriptural Supremacy (Bible) C. Religious Equality

11. 11 Reformation King Henry VIII of England split with the Catholic Church to divorce his catholic wife Mary and marry a protestant wife Anne. Act of Supremacy made Henry the Head of the Anglican Church.

12. 12 Reformation John Calvin believed in predestination or that God had already chosen who was saved or damned.

13. 13 Reformation Three main changes during the Reformation (after the Renaissance): A. Secularism (worldly life versus spiritual life) B. Individualism (worth of the individual) C. Religious Toleration (new faiths)

14. 14 Reformation Consequences of the Reformation: A. Destruction of religious unity in Europe. B. More choices for worship (Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, or Anglican) C. Catholic Reformation or reinforcement of strict Catholicism

15. 15 The Muslim World Islam is the unifying religion of the Muslim World. As the Muslim World expanded, growing religious intolerance between Muslims and Christians forced the blockage of overland trade routes that accessed Middle Eastern luxury goods.

16. 16 The Muslim World The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) originated in Asia Minor (Turkey) and spread to the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans.

17. 17 The Muslim World The Mughal Empire (1500-1770) was located in Northwest India or present-day Pakistan.

18. 18 The Muslim World Christian Europe feared such a powerful Islamic empire existing so close to its borders. This was the impetus (reasoning and impulse) for Europeans exploring the Atlantic as an overseas alternative to the overland trade routes that went through Ottoman and Mughal territories.

19. 19 Asian Isolation China practiced economic self- sufficiency which mean limited trading with outside influences or people. Japan practiced total isolation which meant complete withdrawal from outside influences or people.

20. 20 Asian Isolation China and Japan’s policy of isolation from the outside world insulated them from changes in technology that hindered their future interaction with European military and commercial power (business). Jesuits (Catholic missionaries) who wished to convert people were sent to both countries.

21. 21 European Exploration “Gold, Glory, and God”- Contributing Factors: A. The demand for gold, spices, and natural resources. B. Political and Economic competition between European empires. C. Support for the diffusion of Christianity.

22. 22 European Exploration North America Great Britain (Protestant) and France (Catholic) compete for colonies, markets, and raw goods. South America Spain (Catholic) and Portugal (Catholic- major presence in Brazil) compete for colonies, markets, and raw goods.

23. 23 European Exploration Triangular Trade System

24. 24 European Exploration The Journey: A. Europe to Africa: finished goods, money for slaves, and capturing slaves B. Africa to the America: finished goods and slaves (Middle Passage) C. America to Europe: raw goods, resources, and luxury items

25. 25 European Exploration The Columbian Exchange: massive transformation in the global ecosystem that resulted from the exchange of plants, animals, and disease between the Old World and the New World.

26. 26 European Exploration Effects: A. New foods were introduced to Europe. B. Diseases: Smallpox, measles, and mumps, were introduced to the Americas while Europe was introduced to syphilis. C. New animals were introduced to the Americas.

27. 27 European Exploration D. 95 % of the Native American population is exterminated due to European diseases, technology, and conquest. E. The shortage of native labor due to disease and the business opportunity for food production led Europeans to seek new forms of labor. This labor force came from Africa where natives were enslaved a made to work in a state of perpetual degradation.

28. 28 European Exploration Commercial Revolution: a new economic system, mercantilism (the colony existed to provide natural resources to the mother country which would produce finished goods to be sold back to the colony at a higher price) emerged. This mercantile system would create the environment for revolution in the Americas in the late 18th century.

29. 29 Review Questions 1.The Renaissance meaning what, started in which country, and was a revival of which two cultures? 2. List three examples of Renaissance art. 3. List three effects of the printing press. 4. What were followers of Martin Luther called? What document did he write? What were his three main arguments? 5. List three major changes in the Reformation.

30. 30 Review Questions 6. What was the unifying religion in the Middle East? What were the two major Muslim Empires? What did they do? 7. Which two Asian countries isolated themselves from European influence? Why? 8. List three motivations for European exploration. 9. What was the name of the trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas? 10. What was the Columbian Exchange? List three effects of it.