1. 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers1 MIT2000

2. 1.Individualism 2.“Dangers” of Private Reading 3.Mobile Reading (Octavo) 4.Silent/Vocalized Reading 5.Middle/Upper Classes Working Classes 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers2

3. 1.Novels/Fiction; 1.Fear unleashed emotions 2.Bible/devotional works 3.Challenge to patriarchal authority 4.Compare paintings (J. Opie; J-B Greuze) 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers3

4. 1.Critical Reading 2.Intensive to Extensive Reading 3.Format Changes 1.Table of Contents 2.Chapters 3.Indexes 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers4

5. 1.Fixity of Texts 2.Accumulation of Knowledge 3.Destabilize Knowledge 4.Additive not Substitutive 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers5

6. 1.Printing Press not “causal” 1.Bias/not determinist 2.Variety of Printed Matter 1.Information Supply, not advance Literacy 3.Illiterates and New Ideas 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers6

7. 1.Vernacular Bible 1.German, etc. 2.Catholic Prohibition 2.Bible Reading/Personal Salvation/Protestants 3.Counter-Reformation 4.Military/Propaganda War 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers7

8. Catholic Church –Index of Prohibited Books Protestant theology Erasmus, Machiavelli, Dante England: Stationer’s Co. 1550s/1790s Inspect manuscripts before printing 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers8

9. 1.Interest in banned titles 2.Clandestine publishing & communication 3.Printing abroad 4.Allegory 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers9

10. 1.Catholic Church 2.State/Political Authorities 1.Administration of Territory 2.Diplomacy 3.Commerce 4.Itinerant Peddlers 1.Balladeers, entertainers, merchants 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers10

11. France, 1464, Royal Post Hapsburg Empire, 1500s England, 1500s By 1700s: networks throughout Europe Slow moving 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers11

12. 1.Corantos 1.weekly journals German cities, 1609- 2.Postmaster as news provider 3.Thomas Archer, 1621- 1.London Stationer 2.Foreign News 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers12

13. 1.1640-1660 (Parliament Rule) 1.Press freedom 2.Growth of newspapers 1.pamphlets, political tracts 3.Domestic news 4.Restoration (1660) & press control 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers13

14. 1.Samuel Buckley, Daily Courant, 1702 2.Specialized papers 3.1750: 5 dailies; 5 weeklies 1.some w/100,000+ circ. 2.postal/countryside 4.Coffee houses, taverns 1.Readership/Circulation 2.J. Habermas/Public Sphere 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers14

15. 1.None in New France 2.Halifax Gazette, 1752 3.Quebec Gazette, 1764 4.Upper Canada Gazette (1793) state 5.Canada Constellation (1798) private 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers15

16. 1.1815-1860 Growth: 1.Immigration, economic development 2.Growth of towns with newspapers 1.1819- 6 2.1849- 39 3.1840: 65 different newspapers 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers16

17. Polite Sociability 1.Essays/letters 2.Morals/manners 3.History/literature 4.Genteel/Cultivate mind 5.Not discuss politics 6.State organs (some) 7.“Polite conversation” Democratic Sociability 1.Reflect/Create public opinion 2.Partisanship 3.Discuss Legislative topics 4.Government watchdog 5.Responsible Govt (Legislature/Council) 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers17

18. 1.Joseph Howe 1.Nova Scotian 1827- 2.Newspaper: defender of people vs. arbitrary state 3.Responsible Government 4.Publisher-Editor-Politician 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers18

19. Editor-Politicians 1.Opinionated Press 1.Etienne Parent (Le Canadien) 2.William Lyon Mackenzie (Colonial Advocate) 2.Responsible Government 3.1837 Rebellions Mackenzie: Publisher-Editor- Politician-Armed Rebel 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers19

20. 1.Postal Networks 2.Preferential rates 1.Heavily subsidized 2.Lax enforcement 3.Newspaper Agent 4.Media as Complex, Integrated Systems 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers20

21. 1.Circulation Growth 2.Social classes of readers 3.Subscription Costs 4.Reading aloud/sharing newspapers 1.Non-paying readers 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers21

22. The Courier, 1830sThe World, 1911 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers22

23. Joseph Pulitzer (World), 1883- 1.Advertising over subscription 2.Sensationalism 1.Local news, crime, scandal 3.Entertainment 4.Self-Advertising 5.Illustrations 6.Large Headlines 7.‘Use-paper’ 8.Commuter Friendly 9.Lead/Inverted Pyramid 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers23

24. Montreal Star Toronto Telegram 1.Advertising 2.Higher Production/Distribution Costs 3.Local news (crime, scandal) 4.Entertainment over information function 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers24

25. Civic Newspaper (1820-1890) (Democratic Sociability) 1.Political advocate 2.Public defender 3.Public responsibility 4.Civic education 5.Editor-publisher, small shop 6.Opinion-making 1.Editorial pages 7.Public record of legislative proceedings 8.“public utility” Mass Newspaper (1890-) 1.Commercial Enterprise 2.Advertising reliant 3.Corporations & Chains (Southam, Sifton, Thomson) 4.Heavily capitalized 5.Decline of editorial pages 6.Less partisan 7.higher circulation, fewer newspapers 8.READERSHIP OVER PARTISANSHIP 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers25

26. 1.Dialectic 1.liberty & monopolies of knowledge 2.Printing Press 2.Balance: 1.time/space 2.centrifugal/centripetal 3.democratic society 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers26

27. Corantos Press Freedom Democracy/Responsible Government Postal System Polite Sociability/Democratic Sociability Civic Newspaper/Mass Newspaper Public Opinion/Commercial Profit Circulation/Subscription/Advertising News as Commodity 6/22/2016MIT2000Newspapers27