1. . James Joyce (1882-1941)

2. His works An Irish writer and poet, one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. A key figure in the development of the modernist novel, along with Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, and many others. Known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922). Short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939).

3. Joyce believes that literature experiences three stages of development: The first and the simplest stage is produced in the lyrical form, which expresses a moment of emotion experienced by the artist, the writer only speaks about himself. Joyce’s Idea About the development of literature

4. The second stage of literature is the narrative form, which is more complex and no longer purely personal. The writer tells abut others as well as himself.

5. Joyce’s Idea About the development of literature The third, dramatic form is the highest, most perfect stage. The artist no longer expresses his own personality, but creates his works objectively, like God, to let his characters live their own lives, in scenes where the writer is invisible. This requires the artist to exile from the ordinary world, which is dominated by mean and selfish people. (He himself exiled to Paris)

6. His stream of consciousness He attempted to make a fiction that would reflect the whole life, conscious and subconscious, without being limited by conventions of language.

7. The Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man A Künstlerroman, or story of the personal development of an artist, and bildungsroman, the educational experience. Heavily biographical coming-of-age novel. A conflicted young man's gradual growth into artistic self-consciousness. Some hints of the techniques Joyce frequently employed in later works, such as stream of consciousness, interior monologue, and references to a character’s psychic reality rather than to his external surroundings.

8. Stephen Dedalus The protagonist’s name is derived from Daedalus, a mythical craftsman of ancient Greece, who built an inescapable Labyrinth for King Minos of Crete. When Minos turned against and imprisoned him in the Labyrinth, he made wings and escaped by flying across the sea. This is Joyce’s symbol for an artist’s flight to exile.

9. Ulysses It chronicles the passage of Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day, June 16, 1904. The title alludes to Odysseus (Latinised into Ulysses), the hero of Homer’s Odyssey, and establishes a series of parallels between characters and events in Homer’s poem and Joyce’s novel (e.g., the correspondences between Leopold Bloom and Odysseus, Molly Bloom and Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus and Telemachus). Now June 16 is celebrated as Bloomsday.

10. Ulysses Instead of the wanderings of Homer’s Ulysses/Odysses over the geographical world, Joyce shows the mental wanderings of a character in Dublin for the space of about 20 hours.

11. Ulysses This formless, plotless novel records the thoughts, shades and fleeting flashes of the mind, suggestions etc., as they rise, and is written in a great variety of styles, to correspond with the mood of the moment, ranging from the simplest to the highly poetical, from the vulgar to the beautiful.

12. Ulysses On the whole, the book is written in ordinary English which makes sense line by line, yet different interpretations if put together.

13. Ulysses His actions: complete sentences in past tense His mind: incomplete sentences in any tenses; economy of punctuation; ellipsis of words.

14. Ulysses 1.Leopold Bloom (modern Ulysses), middle-aged Irish Jew, a businessman, he is an “Everyman”, symbolic of universal human experience. 2.Molly Bloom, Leopold’s unfaithful wife, represents the earthly forces of life and reproduction. 3. Stephen Dedalus, a dedicated writer like Joyce.

15. Dubliners Joyce’s Irish experiences constitute an essential element of his writings, and provide all of the settings for his fiction and much of its subject matter. His early volume of short stories, Dubliners, is a penetrating analysis of the stagnation and paralysis of Dublin society. The stories incorporate epiphanies, a word used particularly by Joyce, by which he meant a sudden consciousness of the “soul” of a thing. The final and most famous story in the collection, “The Dead”, was directed by John Huston as his last feature film in 1987.

16. Dubliners A collection of 15 short stories; “to write a chapter of the moral history of my country…under 4 of its aspets: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life”

17. Dubliners “ My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the center of paralysis. ” “ I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin, I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal. ”

18. Dubliners “ I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life. The stories are arranged in this order. ” “ I have written it for the most part in a style of scrupulous meanness. ” “ What ’ s the matter with you is that you ’ re afraid to live. You and people like you. This city is suffering from hemiplegia [paralysis] of the will. ”

19. Dubliners Epiphany( 顿悟） : a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident --- one of the themes

20. How Dubliners Reflect the Life in Dublin I. Religion is the central part of the Dubliner’s spiritual life and standard of conduct. A. Their life depends largely on religion, and religious experience is the most common experience among people. B. There are many examples of religious associations from the stories, such as the boy associated religious images to his lover in Araby and the priests in other stories.

21. How Dubliners Reflect the Life in Dublin II. Political and religious powers are struggle to be the dominant one. A. The Parnell’s case had an enormous impact on the two powers. B. Nationalism and tradition of the Catholics are two strong debate topics for the Irish.

22. How Dubliners Reflect the Life in Dublin III. Serious drinking problem is among Irish labor class. A. Drinking gives people a moment of fulfillment and hope. B. People see that they can do nothing to help themselves to get out of their miserly state after they had their drink.

23. How Dubliners Reflect the Life in Dublin IV. The paralysis theme is throughout the stories. A. Many characters tried to get away from the environment but all in vain B. Most people have neither power nor influence to change their present situation.

24. How Dubliners Reflect the Life in Dublin V. Childhood experiences made James Joyce see Dublin as a place people want to get out from. A. His family degenerates in social position and had to move many times. B. H is first sexual experience made him realize the truth of his fear and respect for his religion.

25. Repressed Sexuality The Image of Mangan’s sister is sexual and sensual. He is attracted to her physical appearance. –Since her beautiful appearance and her (might be) higher-class family, her image is raised to a religious level in his heart. – His adoration towards an older woman is a type of Oedipal attachment to mother.

26. Repressed Sexuality Due to the gloomy and religious atmosphere, his sexual desire is restrained and revealed very limitedly. The general social air and religious regulation functions as superego to repress his id that desires the girl.

27. Repressed Sexuality The way he expresses his sexuality is very obscure. The sexual orgasm is merged with religious ecstasy. –He has to isolate himself from the bad setting he is in to get together with her in his fantasy. –This rush is like a beastly impulse.

28. Initiation of the Boy The boy is growing, changing and initiated by the girl. The boy is at first presented like a boy and often plays with other boys. –Later, there are more and more scenes that he is alone and isolated with others, which shows that he is changing and growing. –When exiting the train station, he goes out through the “adult entrance”.

29. Unsuccessful socialization I.There is no powerful authority in family, religion and society. - His uncle is drunk thus there is no strong father figure or authority for him to identify with. –His aunt has totally no power in the family. –The priest, who is the representative for religion in this play, is dead

30. Unsuccessful socialization He learns what reality is and feels disappointed with this real world and its vanity.  When he goes to the market with his aunt, he does not like the people there and the whole society then is just as vulgar as the market.  The gossip between the neighbor Mrs. Mercer and her aunt again shows how vulgar the people in that society are.  The conversation between the girl and two guys in Araby also shows what reality is like.  He finally learns that his dreams and illusions cannot come true in the real world. He realizes the fact but he does not accept this vulgar society.

31. Questions for “Araby” Joyce often uses realistic details with symbolic overtones. Three specific places are described in detail: the street, the house and the market. In addition, the weather is frequently noted. How would you characterize these elements of setting? How effectively do the adjectives help to create an atmosphere?

32. Qestions for “Araby” How might the bazaar, Araby, be considered symbolic in the story? What does Araby symbolize for the protagonist before he gets there? What does it come to symbolize at the close of the story? To what extent does this symbol embody the story’s central idea?