1. Acids and Bases

2. Arrhenius Theory Acids produce H + ions. Acids produce H + ions. Bases produce OH - ions. Bases produce OH - ions. HCl  H + + Cl - NaOH  Na + + OH - NaOH  Na + + OH -

3. Bronsted-Lowry Theory Acids donate protons Acids donate protons Bases accepts protons Bases accepts protons HCl(g) + H 2 O(l)  Cl - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) HCl(g) + H 2 O(l)  Cl - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) acid base acid base Acid + base  conjugate base + conjugate acid conjugate acid conjugate base 

4. NH 3(g) + H 2 O(l)  NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) NH 3(g) + H 2 O(l)  NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) baseacid conjugate acid conjugate base

5. Acidconjugate base HClCl - H 2 SO 4 HSO 4 - H 3 O + H 2 O Baseconjugate acid NH 3 NH 4 + H 2 OH 3 O +

6. Lewis Theory Acids accept an electron pair Acids accept an electron pair Bases donate an electron pair Bases donate an electron pair H H + H H + H N H + H-O-H H N H + OH - H N H + H-O-H H N H + OH - H H

7. Characteristics of acids Taste sour Taste sour pH from 0-6.99 pH from 0-6.99 Has H + at the beginning of the formula Has H + at the beginning of the formula Produce H 2  when reacting with most metals Produce H 2  when reacting with most metals Neutralize bases Neutralize bases Conducts electricity (electrolytes) Conducts electricity (electrolytes) Turns litmus paper red Turns litmus paper red

8. Strong acids ionize completely HCl HBr HBr HI HI H 2 SO 4 HNO 3 HClO 3 HClO 3 HClO 4 HClO 4 The stronger an acid, the weaker its conjugate base and visa versa.

9. Characteristics of bases Taste bitter Taste bitter pH between 7.01-14 pH between 7.01-14 Have OH - ion Have OH - ion Feels slippery Feels slippery Neutralize acids Neutralize acids Turns litmus paper blue Turns litmus paper blue

10. Strong bases LiOHNaOHKOHRbOHCsOH Mg(OH) 2 (milk of magnesia) Ca(OH) 2 Sr(OH) 2 Ba(OH) 2

11. Naming acids anion acid nameexample -ide Hydro- icHCl hydrochloric acid -ite -ousHNO 2 nitrous acid -ate -icHNO 3 nitric acid

12. Try these H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 HF HF H 3 PO 4 H 3 PO 4 H 2 SO 3 H 2 SO 3 sulfuric acid hydrofluoric acid phosphoric acid sulfurous acid

13. Monoprotic- has 1 H; HCl Monoprotic- has 1 H; HCl Diprotic- has two H; H 2 SO 4 Diprotic- has two H; H 2 SO 4 Triprotic- has three H; H 3 PO 4 Triprotic- has three H; H 3 PO 4

14. Anhydrides- acids or bases that have had water removed Anhydrides- acids or bases that have had water removed Acidic anhydrides- produce an acid when dissolved in water Acidic anhydrides- produce an acid when dissolved in water Acid rain: SO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)  H 2 SO 4 (aq) Basic anhydride- produces a base when dissolved in water Basic anhydride- produces a base when dissolved in water Na 2 O(s) + H 2 O(l)  2NaOH(aq)

15. Neutralization reactions Always form a salt and water Always form a salt and water Salt- a crystalline compound formed from an acid’s anion and a base’s cation. Salt- a crystalline compound formed from an acid’s anion and a base’s cation.