2.  Acids produce hydrogen ions  HCl  H + + Cl -  Bases produce hydroxide ions  NaOH  Na + + OH - H+H+ OH -

3.  Acids donate protons (+)  Bases accept protons (+)  Conjugate acid – particle formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion  Conjugate bases – particle that remains when an acid has donated a hydrogen ion  Conjugate acid-base pair – 2 substances that are related by the loss or gain of a single hydrogen ion ◦ Ex: NH 3 and NH 4 +

4. HCl (g) + H 2 O (l)  Cl - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) AcidConj. AcidConj. Base Base Acid + Base  Conj. Base + Conj. Acid NH 3(g) + H 2 O (l)  NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) Acid BaseConj. BaseConj. Acid

5.  Taste sour  pH from 0-6.99  Has H + at the beginning of the formula  Produce H 2(g) when reacting with most metals  Neutralize bases  Conducts electricity (because they contain electrolytes)  Turns litmus paper red

6.  HClhydrochloric acid  HBrhydrobromic acid  HIhydroiodic acid  HNO 3 nitric acid  H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid  HClO 4 perchloric acid The stronger an acid, the weaker its conjugate base and vice versa.

7.  Taste bitter  pH between 7.01-14  Have OH - ions  Feels slippery  Neutralize acids  Turns litmus paper blue

8.  LiOHlithium hydroxide  NaOHsodium hydroxide  KOHpotassium hydroxide  RbOHrubidium hydroxide  CsOHcesium hydroxide  Ca(OH) 2 calcium hydroxide  Sr(OH) 2 strontium hydroxide  Ba(OH) 2 barium hydroxide  Mg(OH) 2 magnesium hydroxide ◦ Milk of magnesia, it is not completely soluble, but what does dissolve is a strong base.

9. AnionAcid NameExample -idehydro—icHCl hydrochloric acid -ite--ous HNO 2 nitrous acid -ate--icHNO 3 nitric acid **only binary acids use “hydro”

10.  H 2 SO 4  HF  H 3 PO 4  H 2 SO 3  H 2 CO 3  HNO 3 Sulfuric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Phosphoric Acid Sulfurous Acid Carbonic Acid Nitric Acid

11.  Monoprotic – has 1 hydrogen ◦ HCl  Diprotic – has 2 hydrogens ◦ H 2 SO 4  Triprotic – has 3 hydrogens ◦ H 3 PO 4

12.  Anhydrides – acids of bases that have had H 2 O removed  Acidic anhydrides – produce an acid when dissolved in H 2 O  Basic anhydrides – produce a base when dissolved in H 2 O SO 2(g) + H 2 O (l)  H 2 SO 4(aq) Na 2 O (s) + H 2 O (l)  2 NaOH (aq)

13.  Always form a salt and water  Salt – a crystalline compound formed form an acids anion and a bases cation. HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (s) + H 2 O (l)

14.  Can act as either an acid or a base  Water is amphoteric