1. Chapter 8 What is it to be Canadian? ► French/English Relations ► Multiculturalism ► Aboriginal Peoples

2. Maurice Duplessis (pre-1960) Traditional: ► Church ► Farm ► Family Corruption ► Gave contracts to foreign investors who contributed to his party

3. The Quiet Revolution in Quebec 1960s ► Jean Lesage (liberal) ► “Time for Change” ► Modernization (education, politics, etc.) ► “Masters in or own house” ► Strengthen control of own economy ► Less reliance on church

4. Birth of FLQ and Separatism (early 1960s) ► Front de Liberation du Quebec ► Terrorist separatist group ► Parti Quebecois (PQ) formed in 1968 ► Separatist Party ► Rene Lesvque

5. New Flag 1965 ► Pearson decided a new flag would help represent all Canadians ► Maple Leaf chosen ► Divided French and English even further

6. Bilingualism ► Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism ► The Bi and Bi Commission created by Pearson ► Trudeau (1969) Official Languages Act ► Canada becomes officially bilingual

7. Official Bilingualism ► Federal gov’t services required in both English and French ► More French training courses/school

8. October Crisis 1970 ► FLQ strikes ► Front de Liberation du Quebec ► Kidnaps James Cross ► Kidnaps Pierre Laporte

9. War Measures Act ► Trudeau invokes War Measures Act ► First time outside War ► Civil liberties suspended ► Arrests without reason

10. Results ► Laporte is found dead in the trunk of a car ► Cross is released in exchange for political asylum in Cuba by kidnappers

11. Party Quebecois ► Rene Levesque ► Forms provincial separatist Party ► Bill 101 ► Charter of the French Language ► Only official language in Quebec ► All street signs in French

12. 1980 Referendum ► Referendum called based on ‘Sovereignty Association’. ► Result 40% in Quebec voted YES ► 60% voted NO

13. 1982 Patriating the Constitution ► Charter of Right and Freedoms created through Trudeau in 1982 ► Quebec disagrees but is brought in through a late night ‘Kitchen Compromise’ ► Notwithstanding clause allows some provinces a way out

14. 1987 Meech Lake ► Mulroney Tries to bring Quebec into Constitution ► ‘distinct society’ clause ► Aboriginals said what about them? ► Two Provinces disagreed, Newfoundland and Manitoba ► Bloc Quebecois is formed ► As a federal Separatist party ► Humiliation Day in Quebec

15. Charlottetown 1992 ► Again Tries to bring Quebec into the constitution ► National Referendum ► 54.5% of Canadians rejected it ► Mostly in BC ► Gave too much power to Quebec ► Aboriginal groups?

16. 1995 Referendum ► Provincial Referendum ► Results 49.4 YES ► 50.6 NO ► Very close to accepting seperation ► Supreme court is summoned to look at ‘clarity bill’ just in case!