1. French Nationalism See timeline pages 262 and 263

2. WWI French did not want to participate in a “British Imperial War” Conscription Crisis Many angered that soldiers instructed in English (Nationalist)

3. WWII Conscription Crisis Did not vote yes during plebiscite Again angered that soldiers not instructed in French French Regiment – Van Doos (Nationalist)

4. PR. Duplessis Premier in Quebec 1940s and 1950s, led Union Nationale Corrupt Accepted kickbacks “Great Darkness” Padlock Laws Duplessis Orphans Fleur de lis

5. PR. Lesage “Quiet Revolution” “Maitres Chez Nous” Hydro Quebec Society became more secular (moved away from farm, faith and family) Schools changed curriculum – emphasized Science and Math instead of Humanities and Theology

6. PM Pearson Became Prime Minster during Quiet Revolution Wanted the French Canadians to feel more at home Bi and Bi Commission (1963) Report stated that Canada should be bilingual and offer schools across country in both languages

7. PM Trudeau 1969 – Passed Official Languages Act Made Canada officially bilingual Showed French that their future was with Canada Federal services now in French and English More Francophones in senior government positions Some supported – put children in French Immersion Others did not – the West felt that too much emphasis was put on the French Some Francophones also were displeased – wanted special status

8. Separatism Began in 1960s and 1970s Levesque formed Parti Quebecois Some groups in Quebec wanted to eliminate Anglophone influence FLQ – violent, terrorist group Many “colonies” rising against colonial rulers Disgruntled – rising unemployment and national discontent 200 bombings between 1963 and 1970

9. October Crisis 1970 – PM Trudeau PR Bourassa FLQ kidnapped James Cross October 5 Wanted political prisoners released, money and manifesto broadcasted Pierre Laporte kidnapped October 10 Trudeau passed War Measures Act "Well, there are a lot of bleeding hearts around who just don't like to see people with helmets and guns. All I can say is, go on and bleed. But it's more important to keep law and order in this society than to be worried about weak-kneed people who don't like the looks of..." Ralfe interrupted: "At any cost? How far would you go with that? How far would you extend that?" Trudeau replied with a sentence that became a catchphrase of North American politics: "Well, just watch me."

10. “Just watch me….”

11. October Crisis 1970 Over 450 detained, most eventually released without being charged October 17 – Body of Pierre Laporte found in the trunk of car December – holding cell of Cross found, Cross released and kidnappers given passage to Cuba Many criticized the government use of War Measures Act and its infringement on civil liberties

12. PR. Rene Levesque – Parti Quebecois 1967-68 – Levesque left the Liberal Party and formed the Parti Quebecois Wanted Quebec and Canada to divorce rather than suffer through and unhappy marriage Won election in 1976 (only won seven seats in 1970) Promised during election that he would hold a referendum Passed Bill 101 – French language bill: made French only official language of Quebec Quebecois in Quebec supported bill Anglophones felt oppressed and looked to federal government

13. PR Levesque – 1980 Referendum Sovereignty-Association Politically independent but maintained close economic ties Free trade Common currency Common tariffs Trudeau campaigned against yes vote Result – 40% yes and 60% no

14. PM Trudeau – 1982 Constitution In 1982 Trudeau patriated constitution Amending Formula Notwithstanding Clause Levesque not included in “Kitchen Compromise” Quebec did not sign constitution

15. PM Mulroney: Meech Lake and Charlottetown 1984 - Mulroney wanted to bring Quebec back into constitutional fold Bourassa (pro-federalist) now Premier in Quebec 1987 – Meech Lake Accord, aimed to recognize Quebec as a distinct society, failed because Manitoba and Newfoundland would not support, seen Lucien Bouchard – left Mulroney’s Cabinet and formed Bloc Quebecois 1992 – Charlottetown Accord: national referendum following a citizens forum. No vote 54.3%, highest in BC at 68.3%

16. PR. Jacques Parizeau (PQ) 1995: separatist referendum held in Quebec No vote 49.4% - many Canadians shocked at such a close result

17. PM Chretien Became Premier in 1993 Passed the Clarity Act Ensured that question had to be clear Ottawa would only negotiate if substantial Quebec majority vote for it Made separatism more difficult

18. PM Harper Recognized Quebec as a “nation within a nation” in 2008 TODAY?

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