1. Societal Challenges & Nutritional Security Sonny Ramaswamy

2. Interstellar, The Movie "The world doesn’t need any more engineers. We didn’t run out of planes and television sets… we ran out of food.” Starring: Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway Kepler Habitable Zone Mission http://tinyurl.com/qgj8tla

3. Nutritional SecurityAn Existential Threat

4. Science Perfect Storm http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/pub/goes/050828.katrina.gif

5. Biotic Constraints Diversity of species  50,000 edible; 15-50 used Traits  Yield/productivity  Taste, quality, appearance  Phytonutrients  Yield stabilization: GxExM  Pest/disease resistance  Nitrogen fixation  Genomic selection  Flood, salt tolerance Phenomics Systems/Synthetic Biology Efficiencies  Feed-to-yield ratio  Heat tolerance  Photosynthesis: C3 to C4  Cisgenics vs Transgenics  “Innate Potato”  Water-use: Crop per Drop  Nitrogen-, phosphorus-use Pre- and post-harvest losses

6. Abiotic Constraints Soil depletion GHGs and Climate Change: 17 to 32 percent of all GHGs

7. Portrait of global aerosols produced by a GEOS-5 simulation. Dust (red) is lifted from the surface, sea salt (blue) swirls inside cyclones, smoke (green) rises from fires, and sulfate particles (white) stream from volcanoes and fossil fuel emissions. Image credit: William Putman, NASA/Goddard Portrait of Global Aerosols

8. Abiotic Constraints Soil depletion GHGs and Climate Change: 17 to 32 percent of all GHGs Correlation between yield and temperature  4 o C increase: crop failures, malnutrition  Livestock/aquatics responses

9. http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/uploads/climate_and_crop_yields_2.jpg

10. Abiotic Constraints Soil depletion GHGs and Climate Change: 17 to 32 percent of all GHGs Correlation between yield and temperature  4 o C increase: crop failures, malnutrition  Livestock/aquatics responses Water quantity and quality  Droughts and impacts on yield  ~80% of water supply used for food production  Ogallala Aquifer; Klamath Basin Salinity

11. Water Stress http://aqueduct.wri.org/atlas

12. Groundwater Depletion: NASA GRACE Satellite Imagery http://ecowatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nasamapcadrought.jpg

13. Abiotic Constraints Soil depletion GHGs and Climate Change: 17 to 32 percent of all GHGs Correlation between yield and temperature  4 o C increase: crop failures, malnutrition Water quantity and quality  Droughts and impacts on yield  80% of water supply used for food production  Ogallala Aquifer; Klamath Basin Salinity Nutrient management  Nitrogen, phosphorous – Ozone, Eutrophication

14. Abiotic Constraints Soil depletion GHGs and Climate Change: 17 to 32 percent of all GHGs Correlation between yield and temperature  4 o C increase: crop failures, malnutrition Water quantity and quality  Droughts and impacts on yield  80% of water supply used for food production  Ogallala Aquifer; Klamath Basin Salinity Nutrient management  Nitrogen, phosphorous – Ozone, Eutrophication Lifecycle Analysis

15. Most Significant/Immediate Abiotic Constraints Arable land Water Salinity Labor Climate Capital Logistics Mechanization

18. Path Forward Food Waste and Food Loss Transformative Discoveries 21 st Century Extension Farming Systems Education Policies, Regulation, Marketing Human Dimensions Communications

19. http://tinyurl.com/oh7679b http://tinyurl.com/q7otto6 Food Waste and Food Loss  Double food production in 40 years  Cut loss/waste by half?  Cut water loss  One quadrillion liters/year  Impact climate change  1.4 kilograms (kg) CO 2 -eq capita −1 day −1 ; emissions of 33 million cars/year

20. Path Forward: Discoveries Virtual water and nitrogen Transformative approaches  Gene editing  Gene silencing  FasTrack/DH Breeding  Perennial/multi cropping  Conversion of deserts?  Algae in oceans?  Bio-/nano-technology  Synthetic biology  Modern Meadow, Inc. o 3-D printing  Army’s Natick Center o Lauren Oleksyk Logistics & mechanization Pest management Big data Policy research Partnerships  Governments  NGOs  Private  Academic Research investments

21. Path Forward: Farming systems Improved technologies  Productivity Gap (Growth Rate/Year): 1.5  2% Cooperatives – Kibbutz? Closed loop systems Integrated/diversified Soil fertility  Nitrogen, Phosphorus Sustainable intensification  Policies & consequences Vertical farming Hydroponics Aquaponics Smart Farming  “Internet of Agricultural Things” Robotics, sensors, sentinels UAVs Prescriptive Farming

22. 21 st Century Farm http://tinyurl.com/o78mah9 Outcome of Big Data and Analytics 2014 National Corn Yield Average: 171 Bushels Randy Dowdy, farmer from Georgia: 503 Bushels Randy Dowdy used sensors, optimal varieties, irrigation and fertilizers, pest control, and Big Data analytics with the help of Monsanto and Climate Corp

23. Path Forward: Policies/Regulation/Marketing Governance Socially beneficial policies, programs Poverty reduction Education Trade – “glocalization” Jobs Environmental degradation/conservation

24. Humans Matter Consumers, businesses, groups, communities, towns, states and countries make decisions  Information-dependent: Haves and Havenots Acceptance of technologies People impacts  Technical, Policy, Regulatory, and Social Change Social Sciences  Behavior, Choices, Attitudes  Risk and Change Nexus of Bio-Physical and Social Sciences  Advance science and integrate into society

26. Nutritional Security