1. GENUS BORDETELLA

2. GENUS BORDETELLA Gram-, rod non-fermentative
motile & non-motile amino acid as source of energy
oxidase peritrichous flagella
catalase non-spore forming
commensals on m.m. of upper respy tract of animals

3. Colonies of B. bronchiseptica.

4. B. bronchiseptica.

5. HABITAT B. bronchiseptica - parasite of ciliated epithelium of
respiratory tract of mammals
- inhabit in upper respiratory tract of
susceptible animals such as pig dog
cat rabbit horse guinea pig etc.
B. avium - upper respiratory tract of infected fowl

6. CLASSIFICATION 1. B. bronchiseptica animals
2. B. avium turkey coryza (rhinotracheitis)
3. B. pertussis man-pertussis (whooping cough)
4. B. parapertussis man-parapertussis

7. B. bronchiseptica B. avium
TRANSMISSION
B. bronchiseptica
mammals - 1rycause, airborne
carrier animal, shed the organisms is
the important source of organism
B. avium
poultry - direct contact, by aerosal, water, litter (environment sources)

8. B. bronchiseptica PATHOGENESIS
Disease of ciliated epithelium in respiratory tract
exhibit phase changes correlated with
virulence identified by colonial appearance
Virulence phase (phase I) filamentous hemagglutinin pertactin, fimbriae (allow attachment to the cilia)
Avirulence form (phase IV)
after repeated subculture
different colonial morphology

9. a mild form of atrophic rhinitis
PATHOGENICITY
a mild form of atrophic rhinitis
and bronchopneumonia
rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchitis
domestic and wild animals are affected
most prevalence in swine, guinea pig
rare in man
no report in ruminant

10. young animal, non-immune adult, more susceptible
B. bronchiseptica
- the agent alone causes temporary turbinate atrophy by disturbing osteoblast physiology, transient and self limiting
- combined infection with Pasteurella multocida
causing atrophic rhinitis [AR]
- AR affects pig at 3 wks to 7 months leading to turbinate destruction and 2ry complication
young animal, non-immune adult, more susceptible
infection in adult, mild, subclinical

11. Virulence Factor : B. bronchiseptica and B.avium
Activity
B.bron
B.avium
Filamentous haemagglutinin
Pertactin
Fimbriae
Adenylate-cyclase -hemolysin
Tracheal cytotoxin Dermonecrotic toxin osteotoxin
LPS
Bind to cilia*
Bind to cells*
Attachment to cell*
Interfere phagocytic cell function
Inhibit ciliary fn, kills ciliated cells, induce skin necrosis, impair osteogenesis, toxic for osteoblast
Stimulate cytokine release + - +

12. Pathogenesis B. bronchiseptica

13. MODE OF ACTION organism attachs with cilia
multiplies & releases of toxins &enzymes interfere phagocytosis
paralysis of cilia
dermonecrotic toxin, osteotoxin
nasal irritation & inflammation
rendering the turbinate susceptible to toxin of P. multocida
effects to osteoblast, atrophy of turbinate bone
deviation of snout
MODE OF ACTION

17. Score 5

18. Atrophic rhinitis.

19. Canine infectious tracheobronchitis Kennel cough
most prevalent respiratory complexes B. bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus etc.
*coughing, retching, dog remain alert, non-febrile * tenacious mucoid to mucopurulent exudate * variable involvment of lungs and adjacent lympnode * self-limiting unless complicated by bronchopneumonia
* mild upper respiratory tract infection in cat

20. TRANSMISSION Direct contact or aerosal Clothing, feeding utensil
Kennel, petshop, animal shelter

21. Canine infectious tracheobronchitis(kennel cough)
Bronchopneumonia in dog
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis(kennel cough)

22. IMMUNITY
local antibody (IgA) is believed to block B. bronchiseptica colonization in pigs (4days after PI) but unable to remove attached bacteria clearance require several weeks

23. ISOLATION & IDENTIFICATION
1. Nasal swab from pig, tracheal swab or sinus from chicks.
2. Tracheal aspiration fluid
3. Blood agar & Mac Conkey agar
biochemical test
B. avium (urease –ve)
B. bronchiseptica) (urease +ve)
4. Virulent isolate agglutinate red blood cells
(ovine, bovine, guinea pig), identify B. avium
5. Inoculate organism into guinea pig caused death
6. Serological tests which have been developed are of
limited value

24. Bordetella avium [turkey coryza]
rhinotracheitis in turkey and fowl
- highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease
- morbidity is high, mortality is low (< 5%)
- recover 2 wks after infection or longer (6 wks)
- young chicken usually affected
- environment induce infection

25. Bordetella avium Turkey coryza
* produce hemagglutinin agglutinate quinea pig RBC and correlates with pathogenicity
spread from direct contact by aerosols and from environmental sources
* mucus accumulates in the nares with swelling in the submaxillary sinuses
* beak-breathing excessive lacrimation
* 2ry infection with E.coli

26. Diagnosis * clinical sign & gross pathology
* isolation & identification B. avium from sinus and tracheal exudates
* virulent isolate agglutinate guinea-pig RBC
* ELISA

27. Bordetella spp.
Host
Disease conditon
B. bronchiseptica
B. avium
B. parapertussis
Pigs
dogs
kitten
horse
rabbit
Lab. rodent
turkeys
lambs AR
canine infectious tracheobronchitis
pneumonia
respiratory infection
upper respiratory infection
bronchopneumonia
coryza

28. GENUS BRUCELLA

29. GENUS BRUCELLA Gram-rod catalase+, oxidase+
non-motile (except B.ovis, B.neotomae)
not produce acid from CHO
non-spore forming aerobe (microaerophilic)
parasite of man and animal (zoonosis)
all pathgenic - both male & female reproductive organ
- reticuloendothelial system

30. CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION Zoonotic infection B. abortus cattle
B. suis swine
B. melitensis goat & sheep
B. ovis sheep & esp. ram
B. canis dog
B. neotomae desert wood rat
Zoonotic infection
Brucellosis in man
Undulant fever

31. TRANSMISSION PATHOGENESIS m. m. of intestinal tract, genital tract,
conjunctiva, skin abrasion, inhalation
ingestion most common transplacental transmission
- able to survive and multiply within
cells of reticuloendothelial system
and tissue associated
- facultative intracellular bacteria
- granulomatous inflammatory reaction
PATHOGENESIS

32. ability to invade and survive within host
virulence factor
ability to invade and survive within host
inhibition of fusion of phagosome-lysosome is major mechanism of intracellular survival
major outer membrane & LPS -smooth form
lack outer membrane & LPS - rough form- less virulent
LPS - enhance intracellular survival
various stress proteins allow the organism to adapt
within macrophage
GENUS BRUCELLA

33. PATHOGENICITY point of entry (m.m.)
intracellular of monocytes & macrophages
bacteremic phase
regional lymphnodes (proliferate or killed)
lymph & blood stream
reproductive organs &
associated gland in sexually mature animals
granulomatous, nodules, abscess

34. Specific host [cattle, swine, goat, sheep]
organisms preferential localized at reproductive organ of pregnant animals
mammary gland, gravid uterus,* placenta*
associated lymph nodes
testes, genital organs, epididymis*
growth factor erythritol, fetal fluid,* chorion* etc.
non-specific host
mammary gland
reticulo-endothelial system
bacteremia

35. BRUCELLOSIS IN ANIMALS
abortion results from:
interfere with fetal circulation due to placentitis
endotoxin
fetal stress because of inflammatory response in fetal tissues

36. BRUCELLOSIS IN ANIMALS
Brucella abortus (Bang’s disease) cattle, (sheep)
abortion at 5-6 months or more (once)
weak calves
infection of mammary gland & associated lymphnodes persist per year shed organisms in milk intermittently
not apparent
orchitis, epididymitis
organisms in semen

39. Brucella suis swine Brucella melitensis goat & sheep
more chronic in reproductive organs
long time bacteremia with or without
local infection
occassion in uterus, metritis intermittent
abortion at any time, stilbirth,
decrease litter size, weak piglets,
arthritis in piglets
abscess in tissue
orchitis, sterility (permanent or temporary)
Brucella melitensis goat & sheep
the same as in cattle, arthritis
sheep more resistant than goat
mastitis may occur in goat

41. Brucella ovis sheep (high specificity)
rarely abortion, placentitis
more susceptible than female
orchitis, impaired fertility, epididymitis
Brucella canis dog [only host]
abortion around 50 days, infertility
rapidly spread
infertiliy, orchitis, epididymitis
Brucellosis in man
B. melitensis, B. suis
B. abortus, B. canis

42. Orchitis caused by B. melitensis

43. B. ovis
orchitis

44. Brucellosis in man transmission
B. melitensis, B. suis
B. abortus, B. canis
transmission
contact with excretion of infected animal skin abrasion inhalation ingestion

45. Brucellosis as zoonosis.

46. Routes of infection.

47. Brucellosis in humans (Undulant fever)
* 1ry disease of the reticulo-endothelial system
* raw milk and dairy product made with unpasteurized milk are important sources of infection
* skin abrasion, inhalation, ingestion are the routes of infection
* present as fluctuating pyrexia, fatique muscle, and joint pain
* mild lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
* osteomyelitis is common complication

48. * severe infections
B. melitensis
B. suis biotype1 and 2
* moderately severe
B. abortus
* mild
B. canis

49. ISOLATION enriched media with blood, liver
B. abortus, B. ovis need 10% C02
Live animal fluid samples, abscess materials
- blood, milk, semen, vaginal exudate from abortion
blood culture for B. canis (long bacteremia)
Carcass organs
- tissue in macrophage system, supramammary, retropharyngeal, internal iliac, lumbar, mesenteric lymph nodes
- liver, spleen, uterus, joint fluid
Aborted fetus
- placenta, fetal membrane, abomasal content

50. IDENTIFICATION
1. Biochemical tests, oxidase+, urease+
growth in dyes at different concentration
[Thionin, Basic Fuchsin]
2. Rose-Bengal plate test (screening, agglutination) confirmed by CFT or ELISA
3. Slide agglutination for biotypes using A M R
monospecific sera
4. Inoculate of affected tissues in guinea pig.
[in case of contaminated samples or few organisms]
- pure isolated from guinea pig
- high titre against Brucella
IMMUNITY
vaccine apply in calf and cattle
delayed-type hypersensitivity against endotoxin

51. Differentiation of Brucella species and their biotypes
agglutination in sera
B. melitensis
B. abortus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 A - + M + - R -

52. Differentiation of Brucella species and their biotypes(cont.)
agglutination in sera
B. suis
B. canis
B. ovis
B. neotome 1 2 3 4 A + - M - + R - +

53. Colonies of B. abortus in brucella agar.

54. thionin
Basic fuchsin

55. GENUS ALCALIGENES

56. intestine of vertebrates milk product other foods, sea decompose
GENUS ALCALIGENES
Gram non-spore forming
rod (bacilli) peritrichous flagella
motile & non-motile non-fermentative
oxidase catalase +
HABITAT
saprophyte
intestine of vertebrates
milk product
other foods, sea
decompose

57. • maybe part of the normal human flora
Alcaligenes group
• maybe part of the normal human flora
• isolated from human respiratory tract, renal system
• occasionally isolated from urine, blood
spinal fluid, wound, and abscess

58. Alcaligenes xylosoxidans
Alcaligenes faecalis
recover from animals except poultry is infrequent
is not ordinarily considered pathogenic
Alcaligenes xylosoxidans
(Achromobacter xylosoxidans)
has been isolated from many body sites
very uncommon as a sole cause of infection
bacteremia (teeth rocking with forcep), meningitis (after gunshot wound)

59. ISOLATION
MacCongey agar and Blood agar
Urease -ve

60. A. faecalis