1. DISTRIBUTED DATABASES AND DDBMS

2. Learning Objectives  Describe various DDBMS implementations  Explain how database design affects the DDBMS environment  Apply DDBMS principles to solve problems

3. Definitions  Distributed Database: A single logical database that is spread physically across computers in multiple locations that are connected by a data communications link  Decentralized Database: A collection of independent databases on non-networked computers They are not the same thing!

4. Distributed database environments (adapted from Bell and Grimson, 1992)

5. Identical DBMSs Homogeneous Database Source: adapted from Bell and Grimson, 1992.

6. Typical Heterogeneous Environment Non-identical DBMSs Source: adapted from Bell and Grimson, 1992.

7. Example of Replication Customers Sales Staff Orders CRM Db All Customers All Sales Staff All Orders N. America All Customers All Sales Staff All Orders Europe User’s View of Db Actual Implementation Master Replica

8. Example of Horizontal Partitioning Customers Sales Staff Orders CRM Db NA Customers NA Sales Staff NA Orders N. America E Customers E Sales Staff E Orders Europe User’s View of Db Actual Implementation

9. Example of Vertical Partitioning Financials Customer Service Prod. Support Human Resources ERP System Financials Human Resources N. America Customer Service Prod Support Europe User’s View of Db Actual Implementation

10. Five Distributed Database Organizations  Centralized database, distributed access  Replication with periodic snapshot update  Replication with near real-time synchronization of updates  Partitioned, one logical database  Partitioned, independent, nonintegrated segments

11. Distributed Design Strategies

12. Distributed DBMS: Transparency  Location Transparency  User/application does not need to know where data resides  Replication Transparency  User/application does not need to know about duplication  Failure Transparency  Either all or none of the actions of a transaction are committed

13. Applying the concepts through examples:  Client server: Mono, 2-tier, 3-tier, n-tier?  Single Site / Multi Site data? Y/N  If multi-site: Partitioned H/V or Replicated?  Location Transparency: Y/N?  Replication Transparency: Y/N?  Failure Transparency: Y/N?

14. Distributed DBMS architecture

15. Local Transaction Steps 1. Application makes request to distributed DBMS 2. Distributed DBMS checks distributed data repository for location of data. Finds that it is local 3. Distributed DBMS sends request to local DBMS 4. Local DBMS processes request 5. Local DBMS sends results to application

16. Distributed DBMS Architecture - cont. Showing local transaction steps Local transaction – all data stored locally 1 3 452

17. Global Transaction Steps 1. Application makes request to distributed DBMS 2. Distributed DBMS checks distributed data repository for location of data. Finds that it is remote 3. Distributed DBMS routes request to remote site 4. Distributed DBMS at remote site translates request for its local DBMS if necessary, and sends request to local DBMS 5. Local DBMS at remote site processes request 6. Local DBMS at remote site sends results to distributed DBMS at remote site 7. Remote distributed DBMS sends results back to originating site 8. Distributed DBMS at originating site sends results to application

18. Distributed DBMS architecture – cont Showing global transaction steps Global transaction – some data is at remote site(s) 1 2 4 5 6 3 7 8

19. DISTRIBUTED DATABASE AND DDBMS Questions?