1. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands

2. It controls and regulates many functions of the human systems through messengers that act on target organs. The messengers are hormones secreted by the EG Master EG; Hypophysis cerebri(pituitary)

3. Pituitary gland Its located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and attached to the under surface of the brain by the infundibulum. Size of grape The pituitary gland is divided into Anterior lobe adenohypophysis. Posterior lobe, neurohypophysis.

7. The anterior lobe hormones: Growth hormone Increase protein synthesis, and glucose level in the blood it is a hyperglycemic hormone. Prolactin Responsible for breast development during pregnancy and the generation of milk after delivery.

8. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH ) Controls thyroid hormone Thyroxin secretion. Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) Controls adrenal cortex hormones secretion.

10. Follicle stimulating hormoneFSH Stimulates formation of Graffian follicle and ovum maturation in female, while induce spermatogenesis in the testes in male. Luteinizing hormone ( LH ) Induces ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum in female, while stimulates testosterone hormone.

11. Hormones of the neurohypophysis Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) Preserve body water by Reabsorption of water from urine decreasing the urine output. Oxytocin Stimulates uterine muscle contraction during delivery Promotes milk ejection from the breast of a lactating woman.

12. Thyroid gland The thyroid gland is located in the anterior aspect of the neck Consists of right and left lobes connected by a narrow isthmus, its weight is about 30 gm. The gland is attached posteriorly to the larynx and trachea. The gland is supplied by branches of the external carotid, subclavian arteries.

15. Thyroid hormones: Tetraiodothyronine ( T4 ) and triiodothyronine ( T3 ) Both increase the basal metabolic rate in the human body Cacitonin is secreted by the parafollicular cells C cells. It decreases calcium concentration in blood

17. Adrenal glands They are two, fitting like a cap on the upper pole of each kidney, the outer part of each gland is called the adrenal cortex, the inner part is called the adrenal medulla.

18. Adrenal cortex This part of the suprarenal gland is formed of three layers: Zona glomerulosa: secretes mineralocorticoid H (aldosterone ) Zona fasciculate: secretes glucocorticoids H ( cortisol ) Zona reticularis: secretes gonadocorticoid H (sex hormones} Go For Rest And Come Soon

19. Adrenal medulla A special tissue of nervous origin secretes Catecholamine’s Adrenaline 80%, Norepinephrine 20% They act on many organs of the body, mainly CVS.

21. Gonads These are primary sex organs, in male two testes and in female two ovaries. Testes : Present in the scrotum, formed of many seminephrous tubules. that form the sperms.(exocrine function) There are interstitial cells of Leydig that secrete testosterone

22. Ovary: present in the pelvis, secretes estrogen ( female sex hormone ) and progesterone (hormone of pregnancy) secreted from corpus luteum. Gastric and intestinal mucosa By contact with food materials the GI mucosa secretes different types of hormones like secretin, Cholecystokinin, gastrin

23. Pancreatic islets Islets of Langerhans represent 2-3% of the pancreatic tissue, they are the endocrine part of the pancreas consist of three types of cells: Alpha cells secretes Glucagon hormone that increase serum glucose level. Beta cells secretes Insulin hormone that decrease serum glucose level. Gamma or Delta cells secrete Somatostatin hormone which is a pan inhibitor to many hormones and functions of the body

24. Thymus gland Large in children, atrophy after puberty Lie in upper thorax, under sternum Produce thymosin hormone. Important rule in immunity.

25. Parathyroid gland There are usually four glands, two at each side embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland size 5 mm, yellow in color. Parathyroid hormone Increase the serum calcium level in blood Stimulate osteoclasts to increase Ca++ level Increase Ca++ reabsorption from kidney Stimulate synthesis of active vit D in kidney Calcitirol

27. Heart Has secondary endocrine role as a specific area of the right atrium secretes Atrial natriuretic hormone ( ANH ), which promotes the loss of sodium in urine.

28. Pineal gland –Cone shaped gland found in roof of third ventricle –Secrete melatonin hormone –Responsible for – day night cycle –Coordinates fertility hormones